37. In this form of experiment there were striking proofs of the existence of a current upwards from the middle of the membrane when vibrating in air (24-), and the extent of the system of currents (26) was partly indicated. The powder purposely collected at the middle by vibrations, when the receiver was full of air, was observed as to the height to which it was forced upwards by the vibrations; and then the receiver being exhausted, the height to which the powder was thrown by similar vibrations was again observed. In the latter cases it was nothing like so great as in the former, the height not being two-thirds, and barely one-half, the first height. Had the powder been thrown up by mere propulsion, it should have risen far higher in vacuo than in air: but the reverse took place; and the cause appears to be, that in air the current had force enough to carry the fine particles up to a height far beyond what the mere blow which they received from the vibrating membrane could effect.
38. For the experiments in a denser medium than air, water was chosen. A circular plate of glass was supported upon four feet in a horizontal position, surrounded by two or three inches of water, and thrown into vibration by applying a glass rod perpendicular to the middle, as in the first experiment in vacuo (34); the feet were shifted until the arrangement gave a clear sound, and the moistened brass filings sprinkled upon the plate formed regular lines or figures. These lines were not however lines of rest, as they would have been in the air, but were the places of greatest vibration; as was abundantly evident from their being distant from that nodal line determined and indicated by the contact of the feet, and also from the violent agitation of the Bling . In fact, the filings proceeded from the quiescent to the moving parts, and there were gathered together; not only forming the cloud of particles over the places of intense vibration, but also settling down, when the vibrations were weaker, into the same involving groups, and in every respect imitating the action of light powders in air. Sand was affected exactly in the same manner; and even grains of platina could be in this way collected by the currents formed in so dense a medium as water.
39. The experiments were then made under water with the membranes stretched over funnels (22) and thrown into vibration
