by horse-hairs drawn between the fingers. The space beneath the membrane could be retained, filled with air, whilst the upper surface was covered two or three inches deep with water; or the space below could also be filled with water, or the force applied to the membrane by the horse-hair could be upwards or downwards at pleasure. In all these experiments the sand or filings could be made to pass with the utmost facility to the most powerfully vibrating part, that being either at the centre only, or in addition, in circular lines, according to the mode in which the membrane vibrated. The edge of the funnel was always a line of rest; but circular nodal lines were also formed, which were indicated, not by the accumulation of filings upon them, but by the tranquil state of those filings which happened to be there, and also by being between those parts where the filings, by their accumulation and violent agitation, indicated the parts in the most powerful vibratory state.
40. Even when by the relaxation of the parchment from moisture, and the force upwards applied by the horse-hair, the central part of the membrane was raised the eighth of an inch or more above the edges, the circle not being four inches in diameter, still the filings would collect there.
41. When in place of parchment common linen was used, as becoming tighter rather than looser when wetted, the same effects were obtained.
42. Both the reasoning adopted and the effects described were such as to lead to the expectation, that if the plate vibrating in air was covered with a layer of liquid instead of sand or lycopodium, that liquid ought to be determined from the quiescent to the vibrating parts and be accumulated there. A square plate was therefore covered with water, and vibrated as in the former experiments (2. 6); but all endeavours to ascertain whether accumulation occurred at the centres of oscillation, either by direct observation, or the reflexion from its surface of right-lined figures, or by looking through the parts, as through a lens, at small print and other objects, failed.
43. As, however, when the plate was strongly vibrated, the well-known and peculiar crispations which form on water at the centres of vibration, occurred and prevented any possible decision as to accumulation, it was only when these were absent and the vibration weak, and the accumulation therefore small,
