they were perhaps the more easily subdued; but the opposition presented to Naram-Sin by peoples to the north and east may well have been more ominous. Near modern Altun Köprü a little kingdom known as Shimurrum,[1] now ruled by Puttimadal, was actively hostile. In the land Namar, later known as Namri, in the central Zagros, Arisen, son of Sadarmat, had only recently declared himself king of Urkish and Namar;[2] the present ruler, Inbir, had no desire to lose his independence. Another enemy was to be found in Hubshumkibi, the king of Marhashi or Barahshi.[3] It is even possible that Hita, named by the Elamite scribes as the eleventh king of Awan, had induced some of these rulers to join him in one last desperate effort against Agade. Naram-Sin was more than a match for them; the lands to the north came definitely under his control, and even Elam and Barahshi were subdued.[4]
The new master was not, however, merely a destroyer. Susa, constantly under the impact of Baby-
- ↑ Known from texts of the Third Ur Dynasty and located at Zaban, modern Altun Köprü; cf. A. H. Sayce in PSBA, XXI (1899), 20 n.
- ↑ Thureau-Dangin, "Tablette de Samarra," RA, IX (1912), 1–4.
- ↑ List of opponents in text published by Boissier, "Inscription de Naram-Sin," RA, XVI (1919), 157–64; cf. now Barton, RISA, pp. 138 ff.; the historicity of this text has been doubted by Landsberger in ZA, XXXV (1924), 215 f. I. J. Gelb has shown that Apirak (Apishal?), long considered an eastern city, is to be located in the northwest; cf. OIP, XXVII, 6.
- ↑ Gadd and Legrain, Royal Inscriptions, No. 274.
