There remains the fourth figure upon the board, the Pope himself, labouring with such means as were at his disposal to watch over the interests of the Church, and to neutralize the destructive ambition of the princes, by playing upon their respective selfishnesses. On the central question, that of the divorce, his position was briefly this. Both the Emperor and Henry pressed for a decision. If he decided for Henry, he lost Germany; if he decided for Catherine, while Henry was supported by Francis, France and England threatened both to fall from him. It was therefore necessary for him to induce the Emperor to consent to delay, while he worked upon the King of France; and, if France and England could once be separated, he trusted that Henry would yield in despair. This most subtle and difficult policy reveals itself in the transactions open and secret of the ensuing years. It was followed with a dexterity as extraordinary as its unscrupulousness, and with all but perfect success. That it failed at all, in the ordinary sense of failure, was due to the accidental delay of a courier,and Clement, while he succeeded in preserving the allegiance of France to the Roman See, succeeded also—and this is no small thing to have accomplished—in weaving the most curious tissue of falsehood which will be met with, even in the fertile pages of Italian subtlety.
With this general understanding of the relation between the great parties in the drama, let us look to their exact position in the summer of 1532.
Charles was engaged in repelling an invasion of the Turks, with an anarchical Germany in his rear, seeth-
