ing her grandchildren. Christine has left a very large number of works both in verse and prose; most of them still remain in manuscript. A poem of hers on the subject of Joan of Arc has been published first by Jubinal and afterwards by Quicherat, in the Procès de la Pucelle. Of her prose works, that which seems of most interest is her "Acts and Manners of Charles V. of France," which has been published in Lebeuf's Dissertations sur l'histoire de Paris, and in the Collections of Petitot and Michaud.—Her son Jean du Castel, had some reputation as a poet.—A grandson of hers, another Jean du Castel, held the official position of chronicler in the reign of Louis XI.—J. A., D.
* CHRISTISON, Robert, M.D., an eminent Scotch physician, was born in 1798. He graduated at the university of Edinburgh in 1819. From an early period of his professional career, he devoted himself particularly to chemical pursuits, more especially those connected with the materia medica and forensic medicine. He was elected to the chair of medical jurisprudence in his alma mater, but subsequently was transferred to the professorship of materia medica, with which was conjoined that of clinical medicine; and among the many eminent men who have contributed to the reputation of the Edinburgh school of medicine, none occupies a more conspicuous position than Dr. Christison. He has been a prolific author. Perhaps the most celebrated of all his works is that on "Poisons," which has been characterized by an able writer as "the most philosophical and perfect which has yet appeared on the subject." Dr. Christison is also author of a "Dispensatory," or commentary on the pharmacopœias, in which vast industry and learning are displayed. In all criminal trials in which questions connected with poisons are investigated, Dr. Christison's authority is invoked. In addition to the above-named volumes, Dr. Christison wrote a treatise on "Granular Degeneration of the Kidneys," and his contributions to periodic medical literature have been very numerous. As a consulting physician he now stands at the head of the profession in Scotland—an honourable position, which has been honourably achieved by severe labour and the exercise of great natural talents.—J. C.
CHRISTOPHE, Henri, King of Hayti, was of African blood though born in Grenada, and spent the first years of his life in slavery. He received his freedom as a reward of faithful service; and, having acquired some means and a good name by his industry, he was managing one of the principal hotels at Cape François for its widowed proprietrix, when the revolutionary spirit of France spread to St. Domingo, and brought on the fierce struggle between the coloured population and their masters, which, notwithstanding the temporary occupation of the island by the British, issued in the declaration of its independence, in 1801. Christophe was one of the leaders in the wild partisan warfare by which the blacks accomplished this result; his ability and energy having attracted the attention of Toussaint l'Ouverture, who employed him in important enterprises, and ultimately conferred upon him the military command of the north. But the expedition sent out by Napoleon in 1802 revived the contest, and turned the tide of victory. Leclerc, the French general, adding to the force of arms the influence of wily negotiations, undermined the fidelity of some of the insurgent chiefs, and seizing Toussaint by stratagem, sent him to imprisonment in France. Christophe, however, was soon in the field again under Dessalines, the successor of Toussaint. The war was renewed with increased ferocity; and when the French were compelled to evacuate the island in 1803, Dessalines obtained the chief power, with the title of governor-general, which he exchanged ere long for that of emperor of Hayti. On his assassination, Christophe, who had been again made military commander in the north, became a candidate for the throne; but he had a struggle to maintain against other claimants, and it was not till 1810 that the civil war ended in an arrangement which gave Christophe the undisputed possession of a part of the island, with the title of king of Hayti. His reign, which extended to ten years, was that of a capricious and cruel despot; disaffection appeared, and increased till it took the form of a revolt so serious, that the king, abandoning the hope of its suppression, put an end to his life in 1820.—W. B.
* CHRISTOPHE, Jean Baptiste, a French Roman catholic priest, born in 1809, published in 1852 a "History of the Papacy during the fourteenth century," in 8 vols. 8vo.
CHRISTOPHER, Saint, a Christian martyr who is supposed to have lived in the third century of our era. He was a native either of Syria or Palestine, and is believed to have suffered martyrdom by decapitation in the reign of the Emperor Decius.
CHRISTOPHER, Duke of Wurtemberg, a noted personage in the history of the Reformation in Germany, was born in 1515. His father, Ulric, being expelled from his dominions by the confederated Suabian cities, Christopher was carried to Vienna in 1519-20, and, while there, narrowly escaped being made prisoner by the Turks during their siege of the capital. Charles V., who bore him no good will, and dreaded not a little the influence of his talents and energy, in 1532 attempted to confine him in a Spanish monastery; but, on his way to the appointed hermitage, Christopher escaped from his escort and fled to Bavaria, where he enlisted in favour of his father and himself the active support of his uncle, the reigning duke, who, again, was the means of inducing Philip, the landgrave of Hesse, to join the confederation. The battle of Laufen, in which the landgrave was victorious over the Austrians, restored Ulric to his dominions, which were thenceforward under the safe protection of the protestant league of Schmalkalden. Two years after the death of Ulric, who was succeeded by his son, the Lutheran religion was completely established in the duchy. Christopher honourably consecrated the entire property of the church in Wurtemberg to educational purposes, and the support of the ministers of the new religion. It was converted into a fund called the "Wurtemberg church property," the revenue from which supported in vigorous operation the cloister schools of the duchy, the great theological establishment at Tübingen, and other educational and ecclesiastical institutions. Christopher died in 1568.—J. S., G.
CHRISTOPHER I., King of Denmark, died in 1259. He was the third son of Waldemar the Victorious, and succeeded to the throne by election in 1252, on the death of his brother, King Abel, and to the exclusion of his sons. The counts of Holstein on this laid claim to Schleswig, and an arrangement, which was made in 1253, and which recognized Christopher as the guardian of his nephews, and Schleswig as a fief of the crown, proved afterwards a source of embarrassment in the contest between the church and the monarch. Christopher died suddenly in 1259, it is said of poison administered by a canon named Arnfast. He was succeeded by his son, Eric VII.—J. T.
CHRISTOPHER II., King of Denmark, son of Eric VII., born in 1276, succeeded his brother Eric VIII. in 1319. He was involved in continual disputes with the church, the nobility, and even with his own brother, John. At length the nobles raised the standard of revolt, and, having been joined in 1325, by Geert, count of Holstein, they compelled Christopher to abandon his kingdom and take refuge in Rostock, where he lived in great misery for some years, while the throne of Denmark was occupied by Waldemar, duke of Schleswig. He recovered his kingdom in 1330, but in the following year new misfortunes overtook him. He was defeated by Waldemar; Jutland was seized by Geert, and Christopher himself, while he was living in security at the town of Skanderbon, was treacherously made prisoner by two of his nobles. He died soon after, 15th July, 1333.—J. T.
CHRISTOPHER III., of Bavaria. King of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, was a descendant in the female line of Waldemar the Great. He was elected king of Denmark in 1440, on the deposition of his uncle Eric, of Sweden in 1441, and of Norway in 1442. In 1441 an army of 25,000 Jutland peasants, goaded into insurrection by the oppression of the nobles, defeated the royal troops, and took prisoners twelve nobles, and put them to death. Christopher attacked the victorious insurgents with a powerful force, and defeated them with the loss of 2000 of their number. On the restoration of peace he adopted measures to protect the people from the arbitrary exaction of tithes; exerted himself to abridge the commercial monopoly possessed by the Hanseatic towns; and extended similar privileges to the Dutch, the English, and the Scotch; transferred the seat of royalty from Roskilde to Copenhagen, and made that city the capital of Denmark, and the rival of the Hanseatic towns. He promulgated a municipal code, and devoted himself to the welfare of his kingdom. He died in 1448.—J. T.
CHRISTOPHERSON, John, a learned English prelate of the sixteenth century, educated at Cambridge, was one of the first fellows of Trinity college, succeeded to the mastership, and in 1554 was made dean of Norwich. On the accession of Mary he was made bishop of Chichester. He died in 1558. He was an industrious, but not very successful translator. His Latin
