tures," six volumes, 4to, commenced in 1798 and finished in 1805. The publication was deferred until 1809, and from that time was continued in parts until the whole was completed. This work is remarkable for its originality and honesty, as well as for its learning, which at the period of its publication placed it in this respect far in advance of most English commentaries. Some of his opinions—for instance, his attributing the temptation of Eve to the baboon, and not to the serpent, and his notion that Judas was finally saved—drew forth much animadversion, which was yet more justly administered when, in the notes upon Romans, he made use of the writings of the semi-Socinian, Dr. Taylor of Norwich. His opinions on the eternal Sonship were also contrary to those of his own and of most orthodox churches, and were severely criticised by the Rev. Henry Moore and the Rev. R. Watson. The "Commentary," which the more advanced scholarship of the present generation has rendered comparatively useless to the biblical student and critic, must, however, be judged by the standard of its own age, and not of ours. It was in its time an extraordinary work, and gave an impulse to biblical studies of which we now reap the benefit. "It is on the whole one of the noblest works of the class in the entire domain of sacred literature." "The 'Commentary' is not equal through all its parts. The pentateuch and gospels are done well, and so are the apostolical epistles. On the historical books, also, he is generally satisfactory; but on the prophetic portions of the word of God he commonly fails."—(Life of Dr. Clarke, by J. W. Etheridge, M.A., LL.D.) The other works of Dr. Clarke are "A Bibliographical Dictionary and Miscellany," 8 vols. 12mo—1802, 1800; "A Concise Account of the Succession of Sacred Literature," 1 vol. 12mo, 1807 (completed by his son, J. B. B. Clarke, in 1831); "Memoirs of the Wesley Family," 8vo, 1823; with sundry sermons and treatises, which after his death were published in a collection of his miscellaneous works, 13 vols. 12mo. He also edited Harmer's Observations, Butterworth's Concordance, Sturm's Reflections, and Fleury's Manners of the Ancient Israelites. Dr. Clarke died rather suddenly of an attack of Asiatic cholera, in London, August 27, 1832.—W. B. B.
CLARKE, Dr. Alured, an English divine famous for his charities, born in 1696; died in 1740. He studied at Cambridge, became one of the chaplains in ordinary to George I. and George II., and in 1740 dean of Exeter. He published some occasional sermons, and an "Essay towards the Character of Queen Caroline," 1738. The whole surplus of his income he expended in works of charity. He was the principal founder of the sick hospital at Winchester.—J. S., G.
CLARKE, Sir Charles Mansfield, Bart., a successful and learned physician, born in 1782; died on the 7th September, 1857, at Brighton. He was the son of Mr. John Clarke, of Chancery Lane, a surgeon, and received his classical education at St. Paul's school. His medical education was carried on at St. George's hospital, and by attendance on lectures at the Windmill Street school of anatomy and medicine. His elder brother. Dr. John Clarke, was a successful practitioner, especially in the department to which both the brothers ultimately devoted themselves—that of midwifery and the diseases of women and children. In association with his brother Dr. Charles Clarke lectured on these subjects from the year 1804 to 1821. For many years he held the appointment of surgeon to Queen Charlotte's Lying-in Hospital. In 1825 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society; and in 1830 he became physician to Queen Adelaide on the accession of William IV. to the throne. On September 30, 1831, he was created a baronet; and in 1836 was elected by the fellows of the College of Physicians into their body. His practice was large and lucrative; and his records of cases which came under his own notice, and his contributions to medical societies, prove him to have been a careful investigator of the diseases on which he wrote. His most important work was "On the Diseases of Females."—E. L.
CLARKE, Edward Daniel, LL.D., the well-known traveller, second son of the Rev. Edward Clarke, rector of Buxted in Sussex, was born at Willingdon in that county in 1769. He was educated at Tunbridge school, and Jesus college, Cambridge, which he entered in 1786. From his residence at the university, which extended to three years, he derived little advantage, having no taste either for classics or the mathematical sciences. He spent his time chiefly in desultory reading; chemistry, mineralogy, and the belles-lettres being his favourite pursuits. In 1790 he became tutor to a nephew of the duke of Dorset, and in company with his pupil made a tour through part of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1792 he accompanied Lord Berwick on a tour through Italy and Germany and in 1797, travelled through Scotland and the Western isles in company with a son of Lord Uxbridge. The following year he was elected fellow of his college. In the spring of 1799, having been appointed tutor to Mr. Cripps, a young gentleman of fortune, he set out in company with his pupil on a tour which was intended to last only six months, but which was protracted through three years and a half. In the course of that time he visited Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Lapland, Finland, Russia, Tartary, Circassia, Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, part of Egypt, and Greece; and, taking Constantinople on his way home, returned through Germany and France to England. This extensive journey furnished Clarke with materials for six volumes of remarkable interest; they were written with manifest care and candour, and evinced on the part of the author uncommon learning and research, as well as no ordinary powers of observation. Clarke and his fellow-traveller, on their return to England, presented to the university of Cambridge a fragment of a colossal statue of the Eleusinian Ceres, and other valuable antiquities. The university in return conferred on Clarke the degree of LL.D. and on Cripps that of M.A. The Alexandrian sarcophagus—generally but not correctly called that of Alexander the Great, a dissertation on which is among the miscellaneous works of Clarke, he had the honour of rescuing from the hands of the French, and the gratification of seeing safely deposited in the British museum. In 1807 Clarke commenced at Cambridge a series of lectures on his favourite subject, mineralogy; the following year a chair of mineralogy was established in the university and Clarke appointed professor. Shortly after his return from the East, having taken orders, he had been appointed to two livings, one a college benefice, and the other belonging to his father-in-law. Sir William Rush. Clarke was not undistinguished as a man of science; he improved the construction and application of the blowpipe; discovered cadmium in some Derbyshire minerals, and wrote well if not extensively upon mineralogical and chemical subjects. He died in 1822, no less esteemed for his amiable disposition than for the rare activity of his mind, and the variety of his accomplishments.—J. S., G.
CLARKE, George Rogers, an American general in the revolutionary war, and a leader of the pioneer settlers of Kentucky, was born in Albemarle county, Virginia, in 1753. In 1775 he first entered what is now the state of Kentucky, and the following year, a convention of the settlers at Harrodstown chose him a delegate to the assembly of Virginia, to obtain military aid against the British, or, if refused, to intimate distinctly that their Indian allies would set up an independent state, and protect themselves. Clark obtained some powder and munitions of war, and a legislative act erecting Kentucky into a distinct county of Virginia, to be represented as such in the general assembly of the state. On his return, he took up his residence in the county, and became the chief counsellor and military leader of its inhabitants, who, under his command, fought long and bravely against the British. He retained military possession of the country till the close of the revolutionary war, and was thus the means of securing it to the United States by the treaty of peace of 1783. The latter portion of his life was unhappy; oppressed by pecuniary difficulties, he became a victim of intemperance. He died in Kentucky, in 1818.—F. B.
CLARKE, Henri-Jacques Guillaume, Count d'Hunebourg and Duke de Feltre, marshal of France, was born 17th October, 1765. He entered the army in 1782, and rose by successive steps to the rank of lieutenant-colonel in 1792. He was made provisionally general of brigade in 1793, but was suspended in that same year. Two years later he was taken under the protection of Carnot, and was appointed by him to an office in the bureau of the ministry of war, the duties of which he discharged with great energy and success. In 1796 Clarke was despatched by the directory on a secret mission to Vienna, and soon after was sent to Italy to watch the movements of Bonaparte, whose success was exciting uneasiness in the minds of the government. He was so fascinated, however, by that extraordinary personage, that he completely forgot the object of his mission, attached himself to Bonaparte, and assisted him in concluding the treaty of Campo Formio. He was in consequence recalled by the directory, and deprived both of his rank as general and his office as chief of the topographic bureau. After
