the revolution of the 18th brumaire, he was intrusted with several important missions by the first consul, and in 1804, was made councillor of state and private secretary to Napoleon for the war department. He accompanied the emperor in the campaign of 1805, and distinguished himself both at Ulm and Jena. In 1807 he succeeded Berthier as minister of war, and held that office until 1814. As a reward for his important services in that department, he was created Count d'Hunebourg in 1807, and Duke de Feltre in 1809. On the downfall of Napoleon, he gave in his adherence to the Bourbons, and held for some time the portfolio of war, and was created a marshal of France. He died in 1818.—J. T.
CLARK, Sir James, Bart., physician-in-ordinary to the queen, was born at Cullen in Banffshire in December, 1788. He received his early education in the grammar school at Fordyce, and afterwards entered King's college, Aberdeen, where he took his M.A. degree. He next studied medicine in Edinburgh, and took the diploma of the college of surgeons of that city, and of London. In 1809 he entered the navy, where he remained until 1815 when he returned to Edinburgh, and in 1817 graduated in that university. Dr. Clark travelled extensively on the continent, visiting all the districts containing the reputed mineral waters, and investigating the effect of climate on health and disease in different places frequented by invalids. He settled in Rome, and for eight years practised regularly there. Becoming acquainted with Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg, he was appointed by him to be his physician in 1824. Two years later he returned to England, and having settled in London, was appointed physician to St. George's parochial infirmary. In 1829 appeared his work entitled, "On the Sanative Influence of Climate," which passed through several editions, and has become an authority on the subject. In 1832 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and on the death of Dr. Maton in 1835, became physician to the duchess of Kent and the Princess Victoria. On her majesty's accession to the throne he received the appointment of physician-in-ordinary to the queen. In 1835 he published a "Treatise on Pulmonary Consumption and Scrofulous Disease," which by its clear exposition and able reasoning, has done much to clear away the false notions which formerly obtained respecting the nature and treatment of these diseases. On the establishment of the university of London, Dr. Clark was chosen on the senate. Whilst living abroad he had greatly interested himself in the state of medical education in foreign universities and schools, and had observed their superiority in several points, more especially that of clinical instruction. His views on the subject were set forth in a pamphlet on "Clinical Instruction." This defect in our institutions has been remedied by the senate of the London university, so far as regards its medical graduates. Sir James Clark was created a baronet in 1838. He was a member of the principal foreign, scientific, and medical societies, and was several times chosen on the council of the Royal Society. In addition to his other claims to distinction, he took a warm interest in sanitary reform, and exerted all his influence in favour of measures likely to promote the improvement of public health. In medical politics he took a lively interest, and his appointment by the government as a member of the medical council of the United Kingdom, may be regarded as a public recognition of the services he rendered his profession. He died on the 29th of June, 1870.—E. L.
CLARKE, James Stanier, brother of Edward Daniel, a chaplain in the royal navy, attended Nelson at the battle of Trafalgar, and subsequently became domestic chaplain and librarian at Carlton House. He published a "Life of Lord Nelson," 1809, 2 vols., 4to; and the "Life of King James II., from his own Memoirs and the Stewart MSS. at Carlton House," 1816, 2 vols , 4to, &c. He died in 1834.—J. S., G.
CLARKE, Jeremiah, a celebrated musician, was educated in the royal chapel under Dr. Blow, who entertained so great a friendship for him as to resign in his favour the places of almoner and master of the children of St. Paul's cathedral. He received these appointments in 1693, and shortly afterwards added to them that of organist of the same foundation. In July, 1700, he was appointed a gentleman-extraordinary of the chapel-royal, and at the expiration of about four years was also made organist. The compositions of Clarke are not numerous, as an untimely and melancholy end was put to his existence before his genius had had time to expand. Early in life he was so unfortunate as to conceive a violent and hopeless passion for a very beautiful lady, of a rank far superior to his own, and his sufferings under these circumstances became at length so intolerable that he resolved to terminate them by suicide. Being at the house of a friend in the country, he found himself so miserable that he suddenly determined to return to London. His friend observing in his behaviour great marks of dejection, furnished him with a horse and a servant to attend him. In his way to town a fit of melancholy and despair having seized him, he alighted, and giving his horse to the servant, went into a field, in the corner of which was a pond surrounded by trees. This pointed out to his choice two ways of getting rid of life; but not being more inclined to the one than the other, he left it to the determination of chance. He took out of his pocket a piece of money, and tossing it in the air determined to abide by its decision. The money fell on its edge in the clay, and thus seemed to prohibit both these means of destruction. His mind, however, was too much disordered to receive comfort from, or take advantage of this delay. He therefore mounted his horse and rode to London, determined to find some other means of ridding himself of life, and in July, 1707, not many weeks after his return, he shot himself in his own house in St. Paul's churchyard. The works of Clarke published in his lifetime, are lessons for the harpsichord, and many songs to be found in the collections of his day, particularly in Durfey's Pills To Purge Melancholy. He also wrote for Durfey's comedy. The Fond Husband, that pleasing ballad introduced in the Beggars' Opera, and sung to the words, "'Tis woman that seduces all mankind," and he contributed to the Harmonia Sacra. But his compositions for the church are those on which his fame chiefly rests. They abound in melody which time has not antiquated, and are rich in harmony and deeply pathetic. Dr. Burney sums up Clarke's merits in the following discriminating sentence—"Tenderness is so much his characteristic that he may well be called the musical Otway of his time."—E. F. R.
CLARKE, Rev. John, one of the founders of the colony of Rhode island in America, was born, as is supposed, in Bedfordshire, England, in 1609. In 1649 he was chosen an assistant or councillor, and also treasurer of the colony; and two years afterwards was sent to England with Roger Williams, first to procure the annulling of a commission or proprietary grant, which had been given to Mr. Coddington of all the islands in Narragansett bay; and secondly, to obtain from the council of state a charter for the colony. After an absence of nearly twelve years he returned to Rhode island in 1664; resumed the care of his church, and was elected to numerous civil stations in the colony. In his last will and testament he left a large farm at Newport in trust, for the support of learning and religion. No name in early New England history shines with a more unsullied brightness. He died without children, April 20, 1676, in the sixty-seventh year of his age.—F. B.
CLARKE, John, Mus. Doc, afterwards known as Clarke Whitfield, was born at Gloucester in 1770. He commenced his musical education at Oxford in 1783, under Philip Hayes, and in 1789 was appointed organist of Ludlow in Shropshire. In 1793 he took his degree of musical bachelor at Oxford, and two years afterwards that of doctor in the university of Dublin. In the same year he was elected organist of the cathedral of Armagh. Dr. Clarke returned to England in 1798, and accepted the post of organist of Trinity and St. John's colleges, Cambridge, which appointments he held for more than twenty years. In 1814, he took the surname of Whitfield, by sign manual, on the death of his maternal uncle, Henry Fotherby Whitfield, Esq. of Rickmansworth Park, Herts. In 1820 he was elected organist of Hereford cathedral, and in the following year professor of music in the university of Cambridge. Dr. Clarke's numerous compositions consist of songs, glees, cathedral music, and an oratorio entitled "The Crucifixion." The latter was performed in the cathedral of Hereford, at the triennial music meeting in 1822. He also edited fifteen volumes of Handel's oratorios, with a compressed accompaniment for the pianoforte; two volumes entitled The Beauties of Purcell, &c. Dr. Clarke was an excellent musician, without displaying much original genius. He died at Hereford in 1836.—E. F. R.
CLARK, John, a Scotch physician, was born at Roxburgh in 1744. He entered the service of the East India Company in the capacity of a surgeon; and, as the result of the experience acquired in several voyages, he published in 1773, in one vol. 8vo, "Observations on the Diseases in long Voyages to hot
