"Death of St. Anthony," and "St. Michael defeating the Evil Spirit." He died in 1668.—W. T.
CLOUGH, Benjamin, Wesleyan minister and Oriental scholar, born at Bradford in 1791. He was one of the party of missionaries which accompanied Dr. Coke to Asia in 1813, and was stationed in the island of Ceylon from 1814 to 1838. He greatly distinguished himself as a laborious missionary, and as a Singhalese and Pali scholar, and was one of the first translators of the scriptures into these languages. He published a Singhalese dictionary, in 2 vols. 8vo, a work of great value, and died on the 13th of April, 1853.—W. B. B.
CLOVIO, Giulio Giorgio: this eminent artist, called the Miniaturist, and Macedo or Macedone, from his family being of Macedonian origin, was born at Grisone in Croatia in 1498. At the age of eighteen, desirous of improvement, he went to Italy and attached himself to Cardinal Marino Grimani, in whose service he had opportunities of obtaining the counsel of Giulio Romano. This painter, struck with the minute delicacy of some of Clovio's work, recommended him to abandon large works and devote himself to miniature painting entirely, giving him instruction in the use of colours prepared with gum and in tempera. Clovio's success was remarkable. "There never has been, and for many ages there probably never will be, a more admirable and more extraordinary miniaturist," writes Vasari. He died in 1578.—W. T.
CLOVIS I., son of Childeric I., succeeded to the chieftaincy of the Salian Franks, at the age of fifteen, in 481. His first military expedition was against Syagrius, who ruled at Soissons the little remnant of the Roman possessions in Gaul. A single battle in 486 decided the issue of the conflict, and extended the Frankish boundary to the Loire. This conquest of the Alemanni and his conversion to christianity in 496, rapidly followed by his victories over the Armoricans, the Burgundians, and the Visigoths, procured for him in 508 the titles of Roman patrician and consul from the Emperor Anastasius. His progress in the south being at the same time checked by Theodoric the Ostrogoth, he turned his ambitious designs against the independent Frankish princes, Sigebert of Cologne, and Ragnacaire of Cambrai, whose territories fell successively under his sway. He died in 511, after a reign of thirty years, having laid the foundation of the extended empire which, after various vicissitudes, has issued in the modern kingdom of France.—W. B.
CLOVIS II., son of Dagobert, and grandson of Clotaire III., inherited in 638 the united kingdoms of Neustria and Burgundy, the Austrasian sceptre falling to his brother, Sigebert III. Clovis was then only six years of age, and the government, till his majority, was conducted by his mother, Nanthilde. In 656 Grimoald, the Austrasian mayor, having placed his own son instead of the rightful heir upon the throne of Sigebert III., Clovis procured his assassination, and assumed the nominal sovereignty of the whole Frankish empire, but died in the course of the same year.—W. B.
CLOVIS III., son of Theodoric III., held the powerless sceptre of the degenerate Merovingian line from 691 to 695, scarcely visible under the shadow of the famous mayor of the palace, Pepin of Heristal.—W. B.
CLOWES, Rev. John, M.A., rector during the long period of sixty-two years of the church of St. John's, Manchester. He was born in Manchester in 1743. Shortly after he had been established in his living, he became acquainted with the theological works of Swedenborg. "The delight," he says in his autobiography, "produced in his mind by the first perusal of the work entitled Vera Christiana Religio, no language could fully express." Before long he was busily engaged in the work of translation; thirty volumes of the works of Swedenborg came from his pen in rapid succession; besides which he published a variety of original works and numerous sermons. He was amongst the first who introduced Sunday schools into Manchester, and was appointed the first secretary to the Sunday School Union in that town. He was never idle when he could promote the cause of popular education, or in any way ameliorate the condition of his fellow-men. No man was ever more profoundly revered, or more affectionately beloved than he was by his flock. At the end of the fiftieth year of his ministry, his congregation erected a fine piece of statuary in the church to commemorate the jubilee. The work was executed by the celebrated Flaxman; it represents the venerable pastor exhorting and teaching three generations. A noble monument, the work of Westmacot, was erected to his memory shortly after his death, which took place in 1831.—J. H. S.
CLOWES, William, an eminent English surgeon of the sixteenth century, who wrote upon the lues venerea, and upon gunshot and other wounds, was surgeon to St. Bartholomew's, and afterwards to Christ's hospital, London. In 1586 he went, by order of the queen, to the Low Countries as surgeon to the army, serving under the earl of Leicester.—J. S., G.
CLOWES, William, a printer, who from small beginnings rapidly rose to be perhaps the most eminent man in his profession in London, was born in 1779, and died in 1847. From his immense and well-organized establishment the Penny Magazine and Penny Cyclopædia issued with admirable regularity for fourteen years. Mr. Clowes was a native of Chichester, where his father, who had been educated at Oxford, was master of a large school.—J. S., G.
CLUBBE, John, author of "The History and Antiquities of the ancient Villa of Wheatfield, in the County of Suffolk," 1758, was rector of that place and vicar of Debenham. He was born in 1703, and died in 1773. His son, William, author of some spirited translations from Horace, died in 1814.—J. S., G.
CLUENTIUS, Habitus A., a Roman citizen, born at Larinum, who accused his stepfather, Oppianicus, of having attempted to poison him; and who eight years afterwards was himself accused by the son of Oppianicus of three attempts at murder by poison. He was defended by Cicero in an oration still extant.—J. S., G.
CLUSIUS or ECLUSE, Charles d', a celebrated Dutch botanist, was born at Arras on February 18, 1526, and died at Leyden in April, 1609. He studied medicine at Montpellier, where he took the degree of doctor of medicine. He travelled over various parts of Europe, and settled at Antwerp, where he began to publish his botanical works. He was for some time director of the botanical garden at Vienna, a situation which he was compelled by a court cabal to leave in 1587. In 1593 he became professor of botany at Leyden, and he helped to render the garden of that city famous. His experiment on the palm, called Chamærops humilis, tended to confirm Linnæus' views, by showing that pollen required to be applied to the pistil, in order that seed might be perfected.—J. H. B.
CLUTTERBUCK, Henry, a well-known physician who practised in London, was born at Marazion in Cornwall, 28th January, 1767. His father was a solicitor there, and he was educated at the grammar-school of that town. He received his medical education in London, chiefly within the walls of St. Thomas' and Guy's hospitals. In 1790 he was admitted a member of the College of Surgeons. He passed the sessions of 1802-3 at the university of Edinburgh, and in 1804 he graduated at Glasgow as doctor of medicine. On his return to London in the same year he became a licentiate of the College of Physicians. From the year 1808 to 1826 he gave lectures on various subjects—the theory and practice of medicine, materia medica, and chemistry—with great success. Dr. Clutterbuck held the appointment of physician to the Aldersgate Street general dispensary for a period of five years, resigning his office owing to some dispute in 1833. Dr. Clutterbuck's principal published works are as follows—"An Account of a new and successful method of Healing those Affections which arise from the Poison of Lead," 1794; "Remarks on some of the Opinions of the late Mr. John Hunter respecting the Venereal Disease," 1799. In the year 1795 he instituted the Medical and Chirurgical Review, which he continued to edit, without assistance, until the year 1809. The nature and cause of fever was a subject which especially engaged Dr. Clutterbuck's attention. In 1807 appeared the first edition of his "Inquiry into the Seat and Nature of Fever." A second edition appeared in 1825. In 1819 he published "Observations on the Prevention and Treatment of the Epidemic Fever at present prevailing in the Metropolis." In 1837 he wrote "An Essay on Pyrexia, or Symptomatic Fever." For four years Dr. Clutterbuck presided over the Medical Society of London, and he contributed two papers to the Transactions of this society. For many years Dr. Clutterbuck occupied a very prominent position as a physician in the city of London. He was offered the fellowship of the College of Physicians, but declined this, at that time, somewhat equivocal honour. He died at his residence. Bridge Street, Blackfriars, on the 24th of April, 1857, aged eighty-nine years.—E. L.
CLUTTERBUCK, Robert, a laborious antiquary and topo-
