grapher, author of a "History of Hertfordshire," was born at Watford in that county in 1772, and died in 1831.
CLUVIER, Philipp, a celebrated German geographer, was born at Dantzig in 1580, and died at Leyden in 1623. By his disobedience to the will of his father, who had intended him for the study of law, he was reduced to poverty and obliged to enlist in the Austrian army, but was afterwards enabled to follow his literary pursuits at Leyden. Among his works we mention: "De tribus Rheni alveis," 1611; "Germania Antiqua," 1616; "Introductio in Universam Geographiam, tam Veterem quam Novam," 1624; "Italia Antiqua," 1625, &c.—K. E.
CLUYT, Ontger, in Latin Angerius Clutius, a Dutch botanist of the seventeenth century. He visited the principal countries of southern Europe. As assistant to Belleval, he resided some time at Montpellier. Subsequently he visited Spain and Africa. In the latter country he was seized as a slave, but finally made his escape, and returned to Amsterdam about 1630. He wrote a treatise on the nutmeg tree, as well as works on insects; on the transport of trees, seeds, and fruits; and on "Lapis Nephriticus."—J. H. B.
CLUYT, Theodore Ontger, a dutch botanist of the sixteenth century. He practised pharmacy at Leyden, and took charge of the botanic garden, which was founded in 1577. He devoted his attention to botany and entomology. The botanic garden under his auspices became famous, and contained a large collection of valuable plants. He wrote a work on the natural history of bees.—J. H. B.
CLYDE, Colin Campbell, Baron, was born in Glasgow on 16th October, 1792. Both his parents were Scotch, so that Caledonia can claim the undivided honour of the hero of Lucknow, to whom Great Britain is mainly indebted for the salvation of her Indian empire. His parents, both of Highland descent, though highly respectable, were far from affluent; and it was to his mother's connections, who was a lady of good family, that the young hero was indebted for his first entrance into life. He received the rudiments of his education at the high school of Glasgow; and by the influence of his uncle. Colonel Campbell, obtained an ensigncy in the 9th regiment of foot on the 26th May, 1808, being then not yet sixteen years of age. Hardly had he donned his uniform, when he was called into that active service in which nearly his whole subsequent life has been spent. He embarked with his regiment in July of that year under Sir Arthur Wellesley, and first heard the whistling of the bullets at the battle of Vimiera, which effected the liberation of Portugal in the autumn of the same year. Subsequently his regiment advanced into Spain under Sir John Moore; and he shared in the calamitous retreat through Galicia by which it was followed, and the memorable battle of Corunna, which threw a ray of glory over the last efforts of one of the bravest armies that ever left the shores of Britain.
After the return of that army to England, and the fitting out of a fresh one under Wellington to continue the Peninsular contest, he was despatched with his regiment to Cadiz, and bore a part in the battle of Barossa and glorious defence of Tariffa in 1811. Soon after, as his military capacity had become known, he was attached in a separate station to the army of Ballasteros, and by his counsels and intrepidity contributed to the prolonged mountain warfare which that gallant chief maintained with the greatly superior armies of France in the mountains of Ronda. He was present also in the less fortunate expedition in 1812 for the relief of Taragona. In the beginning of 1813 he was called to a more glorious campaign under the direction of Wellington; was present with him in the battle of Vittoria on 21st July in that year; and led one of the storming parties at the memorable assault of San Sebastian in the October following, on which occasion he received two severe wounds. His gallantry on this occasion is mentioned in just terms of eulogy by Sir William Napier in his History of the Peninsular War. He recovered in time, however, to take part in the passage of the Bidassoa, when he was again severely wounded by a musket shot, which passed through his right thigh, and disabled him from farther active service in the Peninsular war.
Still Campbell was only a captain, which rank, as well as that of lieutenant, he had received as a reward for his services without purchase; and immediately after the peace of 1814 he was despatched with the 60th rifles, in which he held his commission, to America, and bore a part with it in the victory of Bladensborg in 1814, during the advance on Washington, and in the gallant though unsuccessful assault of the lines in front of New Orleans in the same year. The conclusion of the general peace in 1815 deprived him for a considerable period of active employment; but he turned this period of comparative repose to good account in making himself thoroughly acquainted with the theoretical as well as practical part of his profession. He was already noted as a thorough disciplinarian, when in 1823 he was intrusted with the command, as brigadier-major, of the troops employed in quelling the insurrection of the negroes in Demerara. But he was ere long called to higher and more important duties. In 1825 he obtained his majority by purchase; and in 1832 he was made by the same means lieutenant-colonel of the 98th regiment. With it he went to China during the war of that year with the Celestial Empire, and was greatly distinguished by his conduct in command of that regiment, both in the attack on Chusan, and the subsequent brilliant operations in the assault of Chin-kiang-fou, and before Nankin in that year. His services in this campaign were so brilliant, that he was rewarded for them by being appointed full colonel without purchase by the Horse Guards.
The Chinese war being concluded at the same time that the Affghanistan contest was closed by the second capture of Cabool and the subsequent retreat from that province, Colonel Campbell was not again engaged in active service till 1848, when, from his abilities in command being well known, he received from Lord Gough the local rank of brigadier, and as such distinguished himself in the untoward affair of Ramnuggur, and afterwards in the hard-fought and, in some respects, calamitous battle of Chillian-walliah, in which last action he was again wounded. His conduct during that perilous passage at arms was so conspicuous, that Lord Gough, in his despatch giving the account of the battle, said—"Brigadier Campbell, with the steady coolness and military precision for which he is so conspicuous, carried everything before him." The governor-general, in his official despatch concerning the battle, added his testimony to the same effect. He was not less distinguished in the subsequent battle of Goojerat, which finally closed the Sikh wars. For his conduct on these occasions Colonel Campbell was made a K.C.B., and was specially named in the thanks of parliament and of the East India Company.
Colonel, now Sir Colin Campbell, still remained in India after the termination of the Sikh wars; and hostilities having again broken out in Scinde, where Sir Charles Napier was in command, he was early selected by that able and discriminating general for high and important separate duties. During the year following he was constantly employed in the conduct of important operations against the hill tribes, who dwelt in the mountains lying to the eastward of the great plain watered by the Indus. In the course of these he distinguished himself in the combat which ended in the forcing of the Kohat Pass under the immediate command of his gallant general; and he was engaged in an almost constant warfare with the Momunds, who mustered eight thousand horse and foot, but were finally defeated at Puni-Pas, and compelled to sue for peace. The final seal was put upon these successes by a decisive victory over the Colwankbail and Ranozan tribes, whose chief stronghold he stormed with three thousand men at Pranghur, and routed with great slaughter at the decisive battle of Isakota, where the enemy mustered eight thousand sabres and bayonets.
Though having had the command in operations of this magnitude in the East, Sir Colin's rank in the army which enabled him to hold these appointments was local only, and when he returned to England in 1853 he was still a colonel in the queen's army. His character as an admirable officer, however, was too well known to permit his remaining in that comparatively humble rank when serious work required to be done; and accordingly, when the Crimean war broke out in 1854, he was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general, and as such intrusted with the command of the Highland brigade, forming the left wing of the division commanded by his royal highness the duke of Cambridge. In consenting to act in this comparatively subordinate situation in the British army. Sir Colin gave proof of the disinterested and patriotic spirit by which he was animated; for nearly all the officers in the army above him were his juniors both in years and military standing, and not a few of them had been in the cradle when he fought his first battle under Sir Arthur Wellesley at Vimiera in 1808.
Though placed under the command of the duke of Cambridge, however, Sir Colin was not long of giving proof of his military
