verses descriptive of the abuses that had so long prevailed in France. Adopting the revolutionary side of politics, he resigned, in 1791, an appointment in the government office for the liquidation of the national debt, and soon became chef-de-division. In 1792 he produced his "Epistle to the Pope," which was answered by Fabre d'Eglantine, and the following year resigned his office under government on account of the prevailing anarchy. Three years later he was elected a judge of the Court of Cassation, of which court he became vice-president, with a pension of two thousand francs, as a tribute to his literary eminence. He was also chosen one of the early members of the National Institute, in the class of letters, and read several of his papers before the large and brilliant audiences that assembled on the more public occasions. In 1798 he was elected a member of the Council of Five Hundred, and in this capacity sided with those who endeavoured to avoid political extremes. He devoted his pen to the great subject of national education, pleading the cause of common sense against the violent theorists of the day, and affirming that the great end of education was to make men reasonable and not merely reasoners. In 1799 he was appointed to the Tribunat, the only French assembly that conducted its deliberations in public.
Hitherto Andrieux had pushed his fortunes partly in the legal and partly in the political world. Circumstances now compelled him to devote himself to literature. In his character of tribune he had opposed the introduction of the new code, and Napoleon, whose name the code was destined to bear, resolved to remove all obstacles to his favourite scheme. In September, 1802, Andrieux received his formal dismissal, and closed his political career. He was offered the place of censor of the press by Fouché, but declined it with a jest—in allusion to his own writings—that he was "one of the executed, and therefore could not be executioner." His merits, however, were not overlooked by Joseph Bonaparte, who appointed him his librarian, with a salary of six thousand francs, which he enjoyed for ten years. He was also made librarian to the senate, with an official residence. In 1804 a chair of belles-lettres was founded at the Polytechnic School, and Andrieux was chosen as the first professor. He there prepared the course which at a later period was given with great success at the college of France. In 1814 he was appointed to the chair of French literature in the college of France, and being endowed by nature with a weak voice, he said that "he made the audience hear by first making them listen." The last twenty years of his life were devoted to an extensive course of lectures on French literature, and to various labours in connection with a new edition of the National Dictionary. After the death of Auger in 1829, he was appointed perpetual secretary of the French Academy, and his reports on the treatises sent in to compete for the Academy's prizes, were so distinguished by elegance, that on one occasion it was observed that the prize (ten thousand francs) should have been given to the writer of the report, rather than to the writer of the essay. In 1832 his strength began gradually to fail, but no entreaty could induce him to abandon his labours. He would "die at his post," he said, "as that was the only way in which he could now be useful." He expired in the spring of 1833, surrounded by his children, and his remains were interred at Pere la Chaise. Andrieux published fifteen plays; a Course of Grammar and Belles Lettres; a Report on the continuation of the Dictionary of the Academy; a Course of the Philosophy of Belles Lettres, and a large number of miscellaneous writings. He affected the classic style, and wrote with elegance and point; but his works contain little to procure a permanent reputation.—P. E. D.
ANDRIOLLI, Michel Angelo, a physician of Verona, of the 18th century, belonged to the school of the iatro-chemists. In accordance with Sylvius de la Boe, he ascribes intermittent fevers to an improper combination of the bile with the pancreatic fluid.
ANDRISCOS, Pseudophilippus, an adventurer, who pretended to be the son of Perseus, the last king of Macedonia. After a wandering career, he succeeded in gaining possession of Macedonia, and obtained some advantages over the Romans; but growing careless and tyrannical, he was defeated by Metellus at Pydna, taken prisoner, and put to death, 147 b.c.
A´NDROCLES, a Roman slave, who is said to have formed a friendship with a lion in the deserts of Africa. Being afterwards captured and condemned to die in the arena, the lion sent to devour him proved to be his old acquaintance, which recognized him at once, and loaded him with caresses.
ANDROCLES, an Athenian demagogue, the enemy of Alcibiades, was assassinated about 410 b.c.
ANDROCLES, a king of Messena, who died about 740 b.c.
ANDROCLUS, a king of Athens, who led a colony into Asia Minor about 1000 b.c.
ANDROCYDES, a Greek physician to Alexander the Great.
ANDROCYDES of Cizycus, a painter of the Ephesian school, and a rival of Zeuxis. He died about 320 b.c.
ANDRO´MACHE, the wife of Hector, son of Priam, after whose death she married, first Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles, and afterwards Helenus, a brother of her first husband.
ANDRO´MACHUS, the Elder, a Cretan, who lived about a.d. 60, and was physician to the emperor Nero. He is said to have invented the strange medicine called Theriaca Andromachi, or Venice treacle, a medley of seventy ingredients, used till very lately as an antidote to all poisons, and a remedy for all pestilential diseases.
ANDRO´MEDA, a mythological personage, said to have been the daughter of Cepheus, king of Ethiopia, and to have been rescued from a sea-monster by Perseus.
ANDRONI´CUS, the name of four emperors of the East:—
Andronicus I., Comnenus, a grandson of Alexis I., was born in 1110, and died in 1185. In early life he was imprisoned for twelve years on account of his attempts on the life of the reigning prince, Manuel. He escaped, became reconciled to the latter, offended anew, and was banished. On the death of Manuel he seized upon the throne, assassinated Alexis, the rightful heir, and deluged the capital with blood. At last he was deposed by an insurrection, and put to death with frightful torments.
Andronicus II., Paleologus, was born in 1258, became associated with his father in the empire in 1273, succeeded to the undivided sovereignty in 1282, and died in 1332. His first act was to cancel the steps taken by Michael, his father, towards a reconciliation between the Greek ind Latin churches. He lost great part of his Asiatic dominions to the Turks, who, under Othman, penetrated to the Bosphorus and ravaged Scio. Andronicus called in the aid of Roger de Flor, a leader of mercenaries, who gained some successes over the Turks; but becoming himself dangerous in turn, was assassinated by order of the emperor. Andronicus was next involved in war with his grandson, who ultimately compelled him to resign the crown and retire to a monastery.
Andronicus III., a grandson of the former, was born in 1295, succeeded to the throne in 1332, and died in 1341. He gained several advantages over the Turks and Bulgarians, and reconquered Scio; but in 1333 he lost Nicea, which the Turks made their capital. A general league formed against these invaders proved useless.
Andronicus IV. See Paleologus.—J W. S.
ANDRONICUS was also the name of three emperors of Trebizond:—Andronicus I., Guido Comnenus, succeeded to the throne in 1222, became tributary to the sultan of Iconium, and died in 1235.—Andronicus II. died 1263, after a reign of three years.—Andronicus III., Comnenus, succeeded in 1330, and reigned two years.—J. W. S.
ANDRONICUS, a diplomatist in the service of Attalus II., king of Pergamus, who lived about 150 b.c.
ANDRONICUS, Angelus, a nephew of the Emperor Alexis Comnenus, was born in 1080, and died in 1118.
ANDRONICUS CAMATERUS, a Greek author, prefect of the imperial guard under Manuel Comnenus, about 1156.
ANDRONICUS CYRRHESTES, the architect who built the Temple of the Winds at Athens, about 132 b.c.
ANDRONICUS, Livius, is said by the Latin writers to have been the first to get up a play in Latin. He was a Greek by birth, Tarentum most probably being his native place. During the Roman wars in Southern Italy, he became a slave of Livius Salinator, who intrusted him with the education of his children, and presented him with his freedom for his services. His first play was produced in 240 b.c., a date which accordingly marks the commencement of Latin literature. He wrote both tragedies and comedies, or rather, he translated Greek plays into Latin, adapting them to the taste of the Romans. He also made a Latin translation or paraphrase of the Odyssey; and though it was soon regarded by educated Romans as worth little, it proved an excellent school-book, and continued to be used as such for at least two centuries. The fame of Andronicus rests more upon the earliness of the period at which he wrote, than upon
