his own poetic merits, if it be safe for us to judge from the few fragments which have come down to us.—J. D.
ANDRONICUS, Marcus Pompilius, a Syrian philosopher of the Epicurean school, taught at Rome about 60 b.c.
ANDRONICUS, Paleologus, the second son of the Greek Emperor, Manuel Paleologus.
ANDRONICUS of Olynthus, a general of Alexander the Great, after whose death he attached himself, first to Antigonus, and next to Ptolemy.
ANDRONICUS of Rhodes, a peripatetic philosopher, who taught first at Athens and afterwards at Rome, in the first century b.c., and is said to have first used the term "metaphysics."
ANDROS, Edmund, one of the English governors in North America in the latter part of the seventeenth century, was born in 1637, and died at London in 1714.
ANDROSTHENES, an Athenian sculptor, pupil of Eucadmus, lived about 420 b.c., and completed several statues, which had been begun by Praxias, for the temple of Apollo at Delphi.
ANDROSTHENES of Thasos, one of the generals of Alexander the Great, who accompanied Nearchus in his naval expedition to explore the Persian Gulf.
ANDRO´TION, a Greek orator and historian of high reputation, lived about 320 b.c., was a contemporary of Demosthenes and president of the Athenian Council of Five Hundred.
ANDROUET DU CERCEAU, Jacques, an architect, who was a native of Orleans, and lived in the latter part of the sixteenth century. Having been enabled, by the patronage of Cardinal d'Armagnac, to travel for the improvement of his art, he executed several works in Paris. Besides erecting many private edifices for the nobility, he commenced the Pont Neuf and the Gallery of the Louvre, neither of which works he completed, having been compelled to quit France in consequence of his protestantism. He is said to have died at Turin about 1592.—F.
ANDRUZZI, Luigi, an Italian theologian, who was born at Cyprus about 1688-9. He was professor of Greek in the university of Bologna from 1709 to 1732, and the author of several works in defence of the church of Rome. He died about the middle of the eighteenth century.
ANDRY, Charles Louis François, born at Paris in 1741, was physician to the hospitals, doctor-regent of the Faculty of Medicine of Paris, one of the first members of the Royal Society of Medicine, and had formerly been one of the four consulting physicians to the Emperor Napoleon. He was distinguished for his kindness to the poor. He died in 1829, leaving several works, chiefly of a professional character.
ANDRY, Nicolas, a French physician, born at Lyons in 1658. Abandoning the clerical profession, for which he was at first preparing, he devoted himself to the study of medicine, and took his degree in 1697, subsequently becoming professor in the college of France, member of the committee for the compilation of the Journal des Savants, and dean of the Faculty of Medicine. In addition to a critical treatise on the French language. Dr. Andry was the author of a variety of works relating to his profession, all of which exhibit great ability. He died in 1742.—F.
ANEAU or ANNEAU, Bartholemew, a native of Bruges, who was professor of rhetoric and principal of the College of the Trinity at Lyons, about the middle of the sixteenth century. The college being suspected of favouring protestantism, Aneau lost his life by violence in 1565. He was the author of many Greek and Latin poems, as well as other works, which do great credit to his learning and genius.
ANEL, Dominique, a French surgeon, born at Toulouse about 1679. He entered the service of the emperor of Germany as a surgeon in the army, and subsequently distinguished himself, especially in the treatment of aneurism and the opthalmic disease known as fistula lachrymalis. He died about 1730, leaving several interesting works relating to his profession.—F.
ANELLI, Angelo, an Italian poet, born at Desenzano in 1761; died in 1820.
ANEPONYMUS, a Greek philosopher of the thirteenth century, known by his commentaries on Aristotle.
ANERIO, Felice, was the successor of Palestrina, a maestro di capella to the pope, in which capacity he produced many compositions that are said to possess great contrapuntal merit; some of them being even yet in familiar use in the pontifical chapel. He was a pupil of Giovanni Maria Nanino, a musician eminent for scholastic acquirements. Besides his extensive ecclesiastical compositions, he produced a set of madrigals for six voices, published at Antwerp in 1599, and a set of canzonets for four voices, published at Frankfort in 1610, one of which latter is well-known, with the English words adapted to it by Mr. Oliphant, "Alas, where is my true love?" as an admirably pure and melodious specimen of vocal writing.—G. A. M.
ANERIO, Giovanni Francesco, a musician, the younger brother of the preceding, born at Rome about 1567. He was at first connected with the chapel of Sigismund III., king of Poland, and afterwards with the cathedral of Verona. He was subsequently called to Rome, where he obtained further preferment as a musician. He left several musical compositions. The period of his death is uncertain.—F.
A´NEURIN, a Welsh bard, who lived in the latter part of the sixth century. On the defeat of his tribe by the Saxons, at the battle of Cattraeth, he was one of the four, out of three hundred and sixty-three chiefs, who escaped the slaughter; and having fled to the court of King Arthur, he formed an intimate friendship with the celebrated bard Taliesin. The principal poem attributed to him is called "the Gododins."—F.
ANFOSSI, Pasquale, was born at Naples, according to one account, in 1757, according to another, in 1736. He was a student in the conservatorio of his native city, where at first he applied himself chiefly to the study of the violin; he afterwards devoted himself more especially to the cultivation of his talent for composition, in which he was directed by Sacchini and Piccini. This latter, famous for his rivalry of Gluck, even more than for his own merits, formed a high estimate of his pupil's ability, and entertained a great personal regard for him. It was he that procured Anfossi his first engagement, which was to write an opera for the Teatro delle Dame, at Rome, which was produced in 1771 with signal unsuccess. Piccini's influence was so great, that, notwithstanding this failure, he obtained for his protegé an engagement to write another opera the following year, which had the same unfortunate fate as his first essay. Anfossi was discouraged by these repeated failures, but his master not only exerted himself to obtain for him a third engagement, but so stimulated him by his persuasion, and assisted him by his advice, that in writing "Il Sconoscinto perseguito," he so far surpassed all he had before produced, that this opera was received with acclamations. The Roman public, notable for their fickleness as for their enthusiasm, now slighted their former idol, Piccini, in favour of his pupil, and this to so great a degree, that he, more sensitive than many composers of our time would be, quitted Rome in the greatest mortification. Anfossi's first success was continued in the reception of his "Finta Giardiniera" and his "Geloso in Cimento;" but his first tragic opera, "L'Olimpiade," produced in 1776, met with as complete a failure. He then left Rome, and after visiting the principal cities of Italy, settled for a time at Venice, where he was appointed director of the conservatorio. He visited Paris in 1780, where he produced his French opera, "Caius Marius." In 1782 he came to London, but, as it seems, at a peculiarly unfavourable period; for his first master, Sacchini, had immediately preceded him, and had left so powerful an impression, that the audience of the king's theatre was unwilling to welcome any successor to him, and, added to this, the affairs of the opera were then in so embarrassed a condition, that no artist could have justice done to him by the management. He remained in England, however, until 1785, and two years later he returned to Rome, where he principally remained until his death in 1795. His best opera is said to have been "L'Avaro." Besides his dramatic works he wrote some oratorios, of which "Betulia liberata" is the one most praised, and also some ecclesiastical music, of which a "Salve Regina" is said to possess great merit.—G. A. M.
ANFOSSO, Jacopo, an Italian engraver of great skill, who lived at Pavia in the sixteenth century.
ANGAS, W. Henry, born at Newcastle-on-Tyne, 6th Oct., 1781, was brought up a sailor; and, after visiting many parts of Europe and the West Indies, resolved to devote his life to the welfare of seamen. To qualify himself for this work, he entered as a student in the university of Edinburgh, and afterwards resided for some time at Brussels, where he perfected his knowledge of the Dutch and French tongues. After visiting the Mennonite churches of the continent, he was set apart in 1822 as a missionary to seamen. In this capacity he went (always at his own expense) to most of the large seaport towns of England, and many on the continent, and originated missions to seamen. In 1831 he visited the West Indies, on behalf of the Baptist
