his brother Seleucus IV. in 175 b.c. Two years after his accession, on the death of his sister Cleopatra, he reclaimed Cœle-Syria, Phenicia, and Palestine, alienated to Egypt as the dower of her marriage with Ptolemy Epiphanes. This produced a war with the guardians of the young Ptolemy Philometor, and Antiochus made four campaigns in Egypt from 172 to 169 b.c., in which he possessed himself of nearly the whole country. The Romans, however, interfered in the last-mentioned year to have the kingdom restored to Ptolemy, and Antiochus, abandoning the siege of Alexandria which he had prosecuted for some time, returned to Syria. He despatched his army under Apollonius to pillage Jerusalem, which was abandoned during three days to the fury of the soldiers. Of the inhabitants 80,000 were massacred, and 40,000 sold as slaves. Next year, 167 b.c., he besieged in person the capital of Judea, and after burning the citadel, profaned the temple of Solomon by setting up in the holy place a statue of Jupiter Olympius. His wanton cruelty excited the revolt of the Maccabees, which, during the remainder of his reign, kept him in continual alarm. He died at Tabæ in Persis, in 164 b.c., of a loathsome disease, which Jews and Greeks concurred in regarding as a special vengeance on the most wanton of tyrants.
Antiochus VI., surnamed Eupator, son of the preceding, succeeded his father 163 b.c., at the age of nine years. He was put to death by Demetrius Soter in 160 b.c.
Antiochus VII., surnamed Dionysius, son of Alexander Balas, was brought forward in 144 b.c. to dethrone Demetrius Nicator. After a reign of less than two years, he was killed by Tryphon, one of the two chiefs who had established him on the throne.
Antiochus VIII., surnamed Sidetes, younger son of Demetrius Soter, was born at Rome in 164 b.c. He carried on the war against the Jews, was repulsed in 135 b.c. by Simon, one of the Maccabees, but defeated Simon's son John in 132 b.c., and had the walls of Jerusalem razed. He perished in a battle with the Parthians about the beginning of 128 b.c.
Antiochus IX., surnamed Grypus or The Hook-nosed, was the second son of Demetrius Nicator and Cleopatra, and succeeded his brother Seleucus V., whom his mother had put to death in 124 b.c. He was assassinated at Heracleon in 96 b.c.
Antiochus X., surnamed Cyzicenus, youngest son of Antiochus Sidetes and Cleopatra, dethroned his brother Antiochus IX. in 113 b.c., and reigned conjointly with that prince fifteen years from 111 b.c.; but in 95 b.c. was defeated in a battle near Antioch by his nephew, Seleucus VI., and finding himself about to be taken prisoner, committed suicide.
Antiochus XI., surnamed Eusebes, only son of Antiochus X. and Cleopatra, on the death of his father in 95 b.c., had himself proclaimed in opposition to Seleucus VI., whom he defeated at Mopsuestia, and obliged to leave the kingdom. Victorious also over Antiochus XII., he was worsted in 92 b.c. by two other sons of Antiochus Grypus, Philip and Demetrius III., and compelled to take refuge among the Parthians. He returned to Syria shortly after, and maintained for some years a contest with Philip and Demetrius; but in 83 b.c. Tigranes, king of Armenia, during the distractions of the kingdom, possessed himself of the crown, and again forced Antiochus into exile. What became of him afterwards is not certainly known.
Antiochus XII, surnamed Epiphanes Philadelphus, second son of Antiochus Grypus, after a reign of three years was drowned in the Orontes in 93 b.c., on the banks of which river, near Antioch, he had just been defeated by Antiochus XI.
Antiochus XIII., surnamed Dionysius, youngest son of Antiochus Grypus, succeeded his brother Demetrius III. He invaded the territories of Aretas, and perished in a battle with that sovereign in 85 b.c.
Antiochus XIV., surnamed Asiaticus, son of Antiochus XI., began his reign after the dispersion of the army of Tigranes the Armenian (Antiochus XI.) He was the last of the dynasty of the Seleucidæ, and witnessed the conversion of his kingdom into a Roman province, an event brought about by Pompey in 65 b.c. He survived his downfall sixteen years.—J. S., G.
ANTIOCHUS, the name of four kings of Commagene, a small country between the Euphrates and Mount Taurus, first noticed in history as separate from Syria, to which it originally belonged, in the year 65 b.c., when Antiochus Asiaticus was deposed by Pompey, and his dominions converted into a province of the empire.
Antiochus I. took part, 49 b.c., in the civil war between Cæsar and Pompey, siding with the latter, whom he assisted with 200 horsemen. Samosata, his capital, was unsuccessfully besieged by Antony in 38 b.c. Nothing further is known of his history.
Antiochus II., supposed to have wrested the throne from his brother Mithridates, was accused before the Roman senate of having murdered an ambassador sent by his brother to Augustus, and condemned to death in 29 b.c.
Antiochus III. died in a.d. 17. After his death, Commagene became a province of the Roman empire.
Antiochus IV., surnamed Epiphanes, son of the preceding, after long supplication at Rome, received the crown of his ancestors from Caligula; but had only worn it a year or two when he lost the favour of the tyrant, and in consequence his kingdom. It was restored to him by Claudius in 41 a.d., and in 55, for his services against the Parthians, Nero enlarged it by the gift of Armenia. He assisted Titus at the second siege of Jerusalem, and enjoyed the favour of Vespasian; but in 72 a.d. he was accused at Rome of having formed an alliance with the Parthians, and again deposed. The remainder of his life was passed at Rome. Commagene once more lapsed into a Roman province.—J. S., G.
ANTIOCHUS of Ascalon, in Palestine, a Greek philosopher, pupil of Philo, and successor to that distinguished philosopher as head of the New Academy, lived in the first half of the century before Christ. M. Terentius Varro, Brutus, and Cicero were among his disciples at Athens.
ANTIOCHUS of Laodicea, a sceptic of the first or second century before Christ. He was a disciple of Zeuxis, and master of Tenodotus.
ANTIOCHUS, a Greek astronomer, a number of whose works are preserved in the library of the Vatican.
ANTIOCHUS, a physician, contemporary of Galen at Rome in the second century of the Christian era.
ANTIOCHUS, a physician, saint, and martyr, of the reign of Adrian, studied medicine that he might be able to relieve the sufferings of the poor, especially among his converts, and in his double character of physician and missionary, travelled over Galatia and Cappadocia. He was put to death in the island of Sardinia in 120. His memory is celebrated as saint and martyr by the Romish church on the 10th of December.—J. S., G.
ANTIOCHUS of Ægæ in Cilicia, a Greek sophist, flourished about a.d. 200.
ANTIOCHUS, another physician, saint, and martyr, whose memory is celebrated by the Greek and Romish churches on the 15th of July, was one of the victims of the persecution instituted by the Emperor Diocletian, a.d. 303-311.
ANTIOCHUS, bishop of Ptolemais, in Palestine, celebrated for his eloquence, lived about a.d. 400.
ANTIOCHUS, a Greek monk of St. Saba, near Jerusalem, lived about a.d. 614.
ANTI´PATER, the general and friend of Philip of Macedon, and of Alexander the Great, was the son of Iolaus, and born about 390 b.c. Alexander the Great, when setting forth on his Asiatic campaign, appointed him regent of Macedonia, leaving an army under his command. In the political troubles which followed the death of Alexander, Antipater took an active part, and when the empire was divided between the generals of the deceased conqueror, Macedonia fell to his share. Antipater cultivated and patronized literature, and one of his letters to his son Cassander has been highly extolled by Cicero. He died 319 b.c.—F.
ANTIPATER, king of Macedonia, was the grandson of the preceding, and on the death of his eldest brother, Philip IV., who had succeeded Cassander, ascended the throne 296 b.c. Subsequently he lost his kingdom and fled into Thrace, to Lysimachus, whose daughter Eurydice he had married, where, being accused of treason, he was put to death about 290 b.c.—F.
ANTIPATER of Hierapolis in Phrygia, a Greek rhetorician who lived 193-211 b.c.; who held the post of secretary to the Emperor L. Septimus Severus. He was raised to the consular dignity, and appointed governor of Bithynia. None of his writings have been preserved.
ANTIPATER of Idumea, according to Josephus, the son of a noble Idumean of the same name, who had received from Alexander Jannæus the government of that province. He took a prominent part in the affairs of the Jews during the disputes between Hyrcanus II. and Aristobulus II. In 48 b.c., the zeal
