he displayed in the cause of Cæsar during the Egyptian war, obtained him the office of procurator of Judea. He died of poison, administered to him 43 b.c. by the cupbearer of Hyrcanus, at the instigation of Malichus, a man whose life he had twice preserved. His second son was Herod the Great.—F.
ANTIPATER, Lælius-Cœlius, a Roman lawyer and historian, born about 153 b.c., who was much distinguished for his eloquence. Among his pupils was the orator L. Licinius Crassus, whose friendship, and that of the celebrated Caius Gracchus, he enjoyed. Only a few fragments of his works have been preserved, but that he was held in high repute as an historian, as well as an eloquent pleader, is obvious from references made to him by Valerius Maximus and the historian Livy.—F.
ANTIPATER of Tarsus, a stoic philosopher, who lived in the second century b.c. and was the disciple of Diogenes the Babylonian. In addition to his writings on the controversy between the stoics and academics, he wrote works on divination, on dreams, on superstition, on the Deity, and on ethical subjects. His acuteness has been extolled by Cicero.—F.
ANTIPATER of Tyre, a stoic philosopher of the first century b.c., who appears to have written a book upon Duties, and is much praised by Cicero. He died at Athens about 46 b.c.
ANTIPATER was the eldest son of Herod the Great by his first wife Doris. After Herod had divorced Doris and married the beautiful Mariamne, 38 b.c., he banished Antipater from his court; but after Mariamne had fallen a victim to the jealousy and cruelty of her husband, he recalled Antipater, being afraid of the vengeance of the two sons of his murdered wife. Antipater is characterized by Josephus as "a mystery of wickedness." He induced Herod to put the two sons of Mariamne to death, b.c. 6, and having conspired against the life of Herod himself, was executed by the sanction of Augustus.—F.
ANTIPATER. The name of three different poets, some of whose writings are extant in the Greek Anthology. The most ancient of these is Antipater of Macedonia, a contemporary of Philip V. The second was Antipater of Sidon, who lived about 100 b.c., and of whom Pliny reports that he was seized with a fever every year on his birth-day, and that on one of these anniversaries the malady proved fatal. The third was Antipater of Thessalonica, who flourished during the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius.—F.
ANTIPHANES of Argos, a brass-caster, pupil of Periclitus, lived about 372 b.c.
ANTIPHANES, a physician of Delos, who lived in the second century b.c., and who taught that the chief cause of human disease was the variety of food.
ANTIPHANES. The name of several ancient Greek writers, who flourished at different periods. One of them, referred to by Athenæus and Clement of Alexandria, wrote a book on the prostitutes of Athens. Another was a native of Berga in Thrace, and the author of a history of marvellous events, also cited by Athenæus; a third was a comic poet and native of Eubœa, contemporary with Thespis; and the fourth was a comic poet, born at Smyrna or Rhodes, and who lived in the age of Alexander the Great, and wrote more than 260 dramas, of which Athenæus has preserved some fragments.—F.
ANTIPHILOS, a Greek architect, employed in the erection of the treasury at Olympia in the fifth century b.c.
ANTIPHILOS of Egypt, a painter, pupil of Ctesidamus, lived about 316 b.c. He was the rival of Apelles (another painter at the court of Ptolemy Philopator), whom he falsely accused of a conspiracy. For this calumny he was sentenced to become the slave of Apelles. His productions were noted for striking and unusual effects. From a burlesque picture by this artist of a certain Grillos, this name was henceforth given to all sorts of caricatures..—R. M.
ANTIPHILUS, a Greek poet, who appears to have lived a little before the time of Nero. A number of epigrams written by him are still extant.
A´NTIPHON. The name of several persons, more or less celebrated in ancient history. The most noted of these was
Antiphon, the son of Sophilus the orator, who was born at Athens about 479 b.c., and was surnamed Rhamnusius. He is called the eldest of the ten Attic orators, and seems to have been the first who composed speeches to be delivered in courts of justice. He attained a high reputation for his judicial learning, and in his school of rhetoric at Athens, had among his pupils the historian Thucydides, who speaks in terms of high commendation of his virtue, his wisdom, and his eloquence. Antiphon took a very active part in the political affairs of Greece. The chief event of his life was the overthrow of the Athenian democratic constitution, and the establishment of the Council of the Four Hundred, a revolution which Thucydides attributes entirely to him. The revolution, however, proved fatal to Antiphon. Notwithstanding all his efforts, the government of the Four Hundred was overthrown. Alcibiades was recalled to Athens, and Antiphon was brought to trial for high treason, condemned and executed 411 b.c. The only writings of this orator which have been preserved, are fifteen speeches relating to cases of murder; several of the cases referred to being merely imaginary, and intended to serve as illustrations of the method of employing evidence to establish the guilt or innocence of an accused person.
Another person of the name of Antiphon is mentioned in the "Memorabilia" of Xenophon, and is said to have written a treatise on truth, in which he denied the doctrine of Providence. There was also a tragic poet of this name, who lived in the fourth century b.c., who was put to death by Dionysius, because he refused to praise the tyrant's compositions. Another Antiphon, mentioned by Plutarch, was a philosopher, and lived before the time of Aristotle.—F.
ANTIQUIS, Giovanni d', a musician, who lived during the latter half of the sixteenth century. His compositions were rather of a popular than an elaborate character, consisting chiefly of villanellas for three voices, (a kind of part songs, as we should perhaps now name them,) of a simple and rhythmical character, like the fal-las and ballets afterwards in great esteem in England, and of canzonets and madrigals. His most celebrated production, and this was extremely so throughout all Italy, was a dialogue for eight voices. Antiquis was maestro di capella at Bari, in the territory of Naples.—G. A. M.
ANTI´STHENES, an Athenian philosopher, founder of the sect of the Cynics, flourished 400 years before Christ. In his youth he fought at Tanagra. He became a zealous disciple of Socrates, and was present at his martyrdom. He was the master of Diogenes. The date of his death is unknown. Some attribute the name of his school to the Cynosarges, a gymnasium which was situated near Athens; and others derive it from κύων, a dog, for various and contradictory reasons. Cicero has handed down to us one dogma of Antisthenes, which entitles him to our respect: "Populares deos multos, naturalem unum esse." His philosophical system seems to be a caricature of the irony of Socrates. His written works extended, according to the statement of Diogenes Laertius, to ten volumes (τόμοι); but all have perished. Many of his witty sayings are on record. He regarded virtue as the only thing worthy of desire or esteem; but what he understood by virtue, it is difficult to ascertain. Xenophon gives the fairest picture of his character, introducing him into the symposium or banquet, and making him pronounce a forcible oration on the wealth of poverty. Two short orations, attributed to this author, are contained in the "Oratores Græci" of Aldus and Reiske (vol. viii.); also in Dobson (vol. iv.) Our limits do not allow us to discuss at length the details of his ethical system, or to speculate on the manner in which it was developed and modified by Diogenes.—T. J.
ANTOINE de Bourbon, king of Navarre, was born in 1518. He was the son of Charles de Bourbon, duke of Vendome, and by his marriage with Jeanne d'Albret, obtained the principality of Bearn, and the title of king of Navarre. He was a prince of a feeble and irresolute character; and after the death of Francis II., when he wished to obtain the regency, Catherine de Medicis compelled him to renounce his claims, on which he was satisfied to become the lieutenant-general of the kingdom. In 1562 he commanded the army at the siege of Rouen, where he received a wound on the shoulder, which ultimately proved fatal.—F.
ANTOINE, Paul-Gabriel, a jesuit professor of philosophy and theology at Pont-a-Mousson, was born at Luneville in 1679; died in 1743.
ANTOINE, Jacques-Denys, an architect, born at Paris, 1733. He was the son of a joiner, and began life as a bricklayer; but his remarkable talents enabled him to advance himself into an eminent position as an architect. Besides erecting the mint at Paris, he built many important edifices, not only in Paris, but at Madrid, Berne, and Nancy. He died in 1801.—F.
ANTOINE, Pierre-Joseph, a French engineer, born 1730
