Giovanni, born at the beginning of the fifteenth century. He embraced the ecclesiastical profession, and in 1484 was created archbishop of his native city, a dignity he resigned in favour of his brother Guido in 1488. Died at Rome in 1491.
Giovanni Angelo, the natural son of Luigi, born at Milan in 1485, like several other members of his family attained the archepiscopal dignity. His treachery and cupidity are said to have had a great effect in forwarding the cause of the Reformation in the north of Europe. He is the author, among other works, of the now rare "Catalogus Hæreticorum," published at Milan in 1554.
Guido Antonio, the brother and successor in office of the foregoing, was the companion of the famous Gian Giacomo Trivulzio during his travels in Palestine. He died in 1497.
Ottaviano, born at Milan in 1471; a great linguist, and a man of much varied accomplishment. At the early age of thirty-two he was nominated archbishop of his native city, but died before his installation took place.—(Argellati, Bibliotheca Scriptorum Mediolanensium; Morigi, La Nobilita di Milano; Münter, Danske Reformations Historie.)—S.
ARCIMBOLDI, Giuseppe, an Italian painter, a native of Milan, born in 1533, died at Prague in 1593. This artist, who was skilful in portraits, was court-painter to Maximilian II. and the Emperor Rodolph. He was fond of painting "capricci" or fancy pieces, in which the figures of men and women were resolved on close inspection into flowers and leaves; or, as in the case of a representation of agriculture, into spades, ploughs, and similar implements.—(Lanzi, Bryan.)—A. M.
ARCIONI, Daniele, a goldsmith of Milan, and skilful worker in Niello, or inlaying. He belongs to the fifteenth century.—(Lanzi's History of Painting in Italy.)
ARCISZEWSKI, Christopher, a Polish noble, born in the latter half of the 16th century at Schmiegel, a town in the grand duchy of Posen, of which his father, Elias Arciszewski, was owner, and in which he officiated as a Unitarian minister. Being a man of indomitable courage, great military skill, and extraordinary scientific attainments, he was nominated governor-general of Brazil by the Dutch government, and during his tenure of that office, constructed fortresses at Pernambuco and other towns, of which he himself acted as directing engineer. The Dutch recognised his merits by striking a medal in his honour, an impression of which is now much prized by numismatists. He died at Lissa, in his native province, 1656.—S.
ARCKENHOLTZ, Johann, a native of Swedish Finland, was born in the year 1695, and died at Stockholm (where he held the office of historiographer to the king) in 1777. His works, which were all written in French, comprise "Mémoires concernant Christine Reine de Suède," in 4 vols. 4to; "Lettres sur les Lapons et les Finnois," published at Frankfort and Leipzig; "Memoires de Rusdorf, Ministre de l'Electeur Palatin," &c. &c.; "Recueil des sentiments et des propos de Gustave Adolphe," published at Stockholm. The memoirs of Christina were severely criticised by Voltaire, D'Alembert, and Holberg; to the last of whom the author replied, and is said to have silenced his objections. In his latter years Arckenholtz was much addicted to the study of the mystical views of his countryman, Swedenborg.—S.
ARCO, Alonzo del, a Spanish painter, was born at Madrid in 1625, died 1700, and was commonly known by the name of el Sordillo de Pereda, on account of his deafness, and from his being a pupil of Pereda, The most noted of his works is the Baptism of St. John, in the church of that saint at Toledo. He is reputed a good colorist, but defective as a draughtsman.
ARCO. Several members of an Italian family of this name have played no unimportant part in history, amongst the most remarkable of whom we mention:—
Filippo, who, as general of the imperial troops, surrendered the fortress of Neuf-Brisach to the duke of Burgundy in 1703, was accused of high treason, and beheaded in 1704.
Filippo, an active and able financier, who was born at Munich in 1757, and died at Ulm in 1805, after having filled the office of commissary-general of Suabia, in the name of Bavaria.
Francesco reigned as duke of Sienna.
Giambattista Gherardo, born at Arco in the Tyrol in 1739, who, in political science, was very far in advance of his time. A mere enumeration of the titles of his published works will suffice to bear out this statement. The first of which mention is made, is a dissertation, entitled "Dell' Armonia politico-economica trà la città e il sue territorio," in which is suggested the abolition of the law of primogeniture, and of the "Fidei-Commissa;" written in reply to a question proposed by the Academy of Sciences, Literature, and Arts, founded by Maria Theresa at Mantua. This dissertation was followed by others, in which the doctrines of free-trade (including that in corn) were warmly advocated, the right of free transit for goods through all states clearly set forth, and the all-important subject of religious toleration boldly discussed. The various titles of these writings will sufficiently indicate the manner in which their different subjects were treated. 1st. "Del Diritto ai Transiti;" 2d. "Dell' Influenza del Commercio Sopra i Talénti e sù i Costumi;" 3d. "Dell' Influenza dello Spirito di Commercio sull' Economia Interna dei Popoli e sulla Prosperità degli Stati;" 4th. "Dell' Annona;" 5th. "Dell' Influenza del Ghetto Nello Stato." Besides these works, Arco is the author of a treatise, entitled "Del Fondamento del Diritto di punire," and another, "De' Fondamenti e Limiti della Paterna Autorità," in which these subjects are treated with his usual lucidity. To reward his many services, Joseph II. appointed Arco governor of the duchy of Mantua, an office which he filled with equal dignity and usefulness; and during his tenure of which, he became the founder of what are now called "model-training farms," at which poor orphan children were instructed in agriculture, and fitted to become useful members of the community. Failing health obliging him to relinquish his public duties, he retired to Goito, near Mantua, where he died in 1791.—(Tipaldo, Biografia degli Italiani illustri del secolo xviii.; Peechio, Storia dell' Economia Publica in Italia.)—S.
ARCO or ARCHUS, Niccolo d', a very elegant writer of Latin verse, was born in the year 1479, in that part of the Tyrol which at the time constituted a part of the republic of Venice. Died in 1546.
ARCOLEO, Antonio, an Italian poet, and author of several very meritorious dramas, was born in the isle of Candy in the seventeenth century.
ARCON, Jean-Claude-Eleonore Le Michaud d', a celebrated French engineer, born at Pontarlier, 1733; died at Auteuil, 1800. He has left several works upon military tactics and fortification.
ARCONATUS, Jerome, a native of Silesia, born in the year 1553; died, 1599. He embraced the profession of arms, but is more distinguished as a poet than as a soldier.
ARCONI, Cesar d', a native of Gascony, lived during the middle of the 17th century. A physician by profession, he yet devoted himself much less to medicine than to the study of theological subjects, upon which he has left numerous works.
ARCONVILLE, Marie Genevieve Charlotte, whose maiden name was d'Arlus, was one of the most learned women of whom there is any record. Besides poems, romances, and biographies, she published, anonymously, many works upon science; comprising treatises upon physics, agriculture, chemistry, botany, anatomy, &c., &c.; and left no less than seventy manuscript volumes, filled with anecdotes and observations on the society amidst which she lived. Born 1720; died 1805.—S.
ARCOS, Don Rodrigo Ponz de Leon, Duke of, the incapable viceroy of Philip IV. of Spain, in Naples, was born of an old Spanish family towards the close of the sixteenth century. He held the vice-regal dignity at the time of the insurrection under the famous Massaniello, whom, it is by some writers asserted, he treacherously betrayed to death. A second insurrection breaking out shortly afterwards, a fleet under Don Juan of Austria was sent from Spain to quell the insurgents, who, however, refused to lay down their arms. Hoping thereby to appease them, Don Juan removed Arcos from office. The ex-viceroy left Naples in the month of January, 1648, after a short and disgraceful administration of the affairs of that kingdom.—(Parrino, Teatro eroico e politico dei vicerè di Napoli; Orloff, Memoires historiques sur le royaume de Naples.)—S.
ARCTINUS of Miletus, author of two epic poems, of which only some fragments remain. One of them recorded the exploits and fate of Memnon, ally of the Trojans; the other was entitled "The Destruction of Troy." Flourished about 770 b.c.
ARCUDI, Alessandro Tommaso, an Italian Dominican, author of various satirical works, more remarkable for bitterness of censure than taste or genius, was born at Galatina, in the kingdom of Naples, in 1655, and died in 1718.
ARCUDIUS, Petrus, a Roman catholic writer, born at
