Corfu about 1570, was sent to Rome when ten years of age, where he was educated, and became a priest and doctor in philosophy and theology. He was sent into Poland by Pope Gregory XIV., for the purpose of trying to induce the members of the Eastern church there to submit to the papal see. He afterwards published various dissertations in Greek and Latin, to promote a reconciliation between the Eastern and Western churches. Died about 1636.—E. M.
ARCULARIUS. There have been several persons of this name, the most distinguished of whom are—Daniel, professor of theology at Marpurg, born at Hesse-Cassel, and died in 1596, author of a commentary on Isaiah and the Acts.—John Daniel, a Lutheran divine, born in 1650, grandson of the preceding, held various academic offices, and died at Frankfort-on-the-Maine in 1710. His works are little known at the present time.
ARCULF, a French bishop of the seventh century, who visited Constantinople, Egypt, and Palestine.
ARCUSSIA, Charles d', a French nobleman, author of an interesting work on "Falconry," was born at Provence about 1545, and died in 1617.
ARCY, Patrick d'. See Darcy.
ARDABURIUS, two generals of the Eastern empire, the one the father and the other the son of Aspar. They lived in the fifth century.
ARDÉE, Jacques d', a professor of theology and author of a history of the bishops of Liege, and various other works, in Latin verse, amongst which was a translation of the book of Ecclesiastes, was born at Liege, and lived during the first half of the seventeenth century.
ARDEMANS, Don Teodoro, a Spanish painter, sculptor, and architect, as well as writer on architecture and physical science, was born at Madrid in 1664, and died in 1726.
ARDEN, Edward, a gentleman of Warwickshire, born in 1531, executed under the reign of Elizabeth, on the charge of being concerned in a Roman catholic conspiracy against the queen.
ARDEN, Richard Pepper, Baron Alvanley, was born at Stockport in 1745. He was called to the bar in 1769. He became solicitor-general and a member of parliament in 1782. He retired from office in April, 1783, and strenuously supported Pitt in his opposition to the coalition of North and Fox. In December he again became solicitor-general, and, in 1784, attorney-general. In 1788 he was knighted and made master of the Rolls, and, in 1801, chief justice of the Court of Common Pleas, and created a peer, with the title of Baron Alvanley. He died in 1804. He was an upright and amiable man, and a sensible and agreeable speaker.—E. M.
ARDENE, Esprit-Jean de Rome, a French poet and miscellaneous writer, born at Marseilles in 1684. After studying at Nancy, he removed to Paris in 1711, where he obtained the friendship of Racine, Fontenelle, la Fontaine, &c. Died in 1748.
ARDENE, Jean Paul de Rome d', brother of the preceding, born at Marseilles in 1689, was author of several works on the management of plants.
ARDENNE, Remaclus d', or Remaclus Arduenna, author of numerous Latin poems, and secretary to the privy council of Margaret of Burgundy, born at Florennes about 1480.
ARDENTE, Alessandro, an Italian painter at the court of Savoy, who died 1599. His sacred subjects and portraits, executed in the Gaudenzio Ferrari's style, are highly estimated in the histories of painting. He was a native of Faenza.
ARDERN or ARDEN, John, or Johannes d'Arderne, the earliest English surgeon of great distinction, author of an interesting work on medicine and surgery, and inventor of various surgical instruments, was born at Newark in 1349, and settled in London in 1370. The date of his death is uncertain.
ARDERNE, James, D.D., an English divine, chaplain in ordinary to Charles II., and dean of Chester; died 1691. He wrote "Directions concerning the Matter or Style of Sermons," and some other works.
ARDERON, W., an English writer on natural history, who contributed several papers on miscellaneous subjects to the "Philosophical Transactions," in the middle of last century.—(See Phil. Trans., 1747.)
ARDICES of Corinth, one of the earliest Greek painters. He is reported by Pliny as having been the first to introduce shading in the monochromatic pictures then in use, by means of lines.
ARDINGELLI, Nicholas, a Florentine cardinal, sent by Pope Paul III. to France, to effect a reconciliation between Charles V. and Francis I. Besides political dissertations, he published an account of his negotiations in France. Died in 1547 at the age of forty.
ARDIZZON, Antonio, a learned Italian, who visited Goa, and wrote various works, some in Italian and others in Portuguese. Died at Naples in 1699.
ARDIZZON, Jacobus, a learned Veronese jurist of the fourteenth century, author of an able work on feudal law.
ARDIZZONI, Fabrizio, a Genoese physician and medical writer of the seventeenth century.
ARDOINA, Anna Maria, a learned and gifted Italian poetess, daughter of the prince of Pallizo, and wife of the prince of Piombino, was born in 1672, and died in 1700.
ARDSHIR, Babegan, a wise and heroic sovereign of Persia, who, after a beneficent and glorious reign of forty years, died about the middle of the third century.
ARDUIN or ARDOIN, elected king of Italy on the death of the Emperor Otho III. in 1002. In 1004 he was defeated by Henry II. of Germany, who, as successor to Otho, claimed the sovereignty of Italy. Arduin was deserted by most of his adherents, and Henry was crowned king of Italy. A reaction soon took place in favour of Arduin, but part of the country continued to acknowledge the rights of Henry. In 1015 Arduin, forsaken by most of his followers, entered the monastery of Fructuaria, in the diocese of Ivrea, and assumed the habit of a monk. Here he soon afterwards died.—E. M.
ARDUINI, an Italian physician of the fifteenth century, author of a treatise on poisons.
ARDUINO, Luigi, was born at Padua, February, 1759; died 3rd February, 1833. He became professor of rural economy in the university of Padua, and devoted his attention chiefly to agriculture. He published an Italian translation of several works on agriculture, and in the Memoirs of the Academy of Padua there are memoirs by him on the cultivation of economical plants. In 1810, when Napoleon offered a prize for the means of replacing cane sugar by some indigenous production, Arduino published a work on the extraction of sugar from Holcus Caffer, a kind of Guinea corn.—J. H. B.
ARDUINO, Maestro, a Venetian sculptor and architect of the fifteenth century. He made the design and laid the first stone of the church of San Petronio of Bologna.
ARDYS, king of Lydia, succeeded his father Gyges in 680 b.c., or, according to others, 631 b.c. He was succeeded by his son Sadyattes. He made himself master of Priene, and invaded the Milesian territory. During his reign the Cimmerians entered Lydia and took the city, but not the Acropolis, of Sardis.
AREGIO, Pablo de, a celebrated Spanish painter, who flourished in the early part of the sixteenth century.
ARELLANO, Juan de, a Spanish painter, famous for his exquisite skill in painting flowers, was born at Torcaz in 1614, and died in 1676.
ARELLANO, Gilles, or Ægidius Ramirez de, member of the council of Castile, president of the Inquisition, professor of law, and author of able works on antiquities and jurisprudence, lived in the early part of the seventeenth century.
ARELLIUS, a Roman painter of the time of Augustus, or immediately after. He used to give in his goddesses the portraits of living models, a practice, according to Pliny, objected to and interfered with by an act of the Roman Senatus.
AREMBERG, a noble German family, deriving its title from a town and castle near Cologne. The countship of Aremberg, in 1547, fell by marriage to the house of Ligne, and in 1576 was raised to a principality.
Aremberg, Leopold-Philip-Karl-Joseph von Ligne, Duke of, was born at Mons in 1690. Entering the Austrian army, he was wounded at the battle of Malplaquet when nineteen. Serving in Hungary, he received another wound at Temeswar. At the battle of Belgrade he commanded the right wing, and, by his genius and energy, contributed to the victory. In 1737 he was made a field-marshal and commander-in-chief of the army of the Netherlands. He afterwards greatly distinguished himself at Dettingen. He was an ardent cultivator of literature, and zealously patronised men of letters. Voltaire and Rousseau were his intimate friends. Died in 1754.
Aremberg, Karl Leopold von Ligne, Duke of, son of the preceding, became a field-marshal, and distinguished himself during the seven years' war.
