himself to the Liberal party, careless of the odium which he thereby incurred among the great body of the clergy, and which attained to such a height, that on one occasion he was attacked by name, and his opinions denounced, by a clergyman preaching before the university of Oxford. Lord Melbourne, who admired his character, wished to nominate him to a bishopric; but the archbishop of Canterbury, Dr. Howley, opposed the appointment, chiefly on the ground of his unpopularity among the clergy; and Lord Melbourne, who had a salutary horror of ecclesiastical commotions, abandoned the idea. But he offered him the wardenship of Manchester college in 1840, which Arnold, however, declined; and in 1841, just before he went out of office, conferred on him the appointment of Regius Professor of modern history at Oxford. Arnold gladly accepted the offer. He delivered an inaugural course of lectures in the Lent term of 1842, at which the concourse of students was so great that the ordinary lecture-room would not hold them, and the lectures had to be delivered in the theatre—a circumstance probably unprecedented at Oxford since the middle ages.
In 1833, Arnold purchased a small property in Westmoreland, called Fox How, upon which he built a house. His school vacations were thenceforward passed here (unless when he travelled on the Continent) in the society of his friend Wordsworth, Colonel Hamilton, author of "Cyril Thornton," Sir Thomas Pasley, and occasionally Southey. Here he found leisure to write his Roman history, and to collect materials for his work on Church and State, the composition of which he looked forward to as the chief literary object of his life. His health had on the whole remained very good amidst the fatigues, annoyances, and responsibilities of his work at Rugby, and both he and his friends looked forward to a long career of literary activity at Fox How, after he should have resigned his post at Rugby. But it was not so to be. At the close of the summer half-year in 1842, early on a Sunday morning, he was attacked by spasms of the heart, attended by the severest pains. Medical assistance was called in, but in vain. Consciousness, however, remained to the last. He ascertained, by searching questions from the physician, the great danger in which he was, and with that undaunted courage, in the near prospect of death, which had never once failed him through life, united to the devoutest sentiments of humility and Christian hope, Arnold breathed his last, about eight o'clock on the morning of the 12th June, 1842. Had he lived to the following day, he would have been exactly forty-seven years old.
As a writer, Arnold's early death, and the constant pressure of his active occupations, prevented him from accomplishing more than a small portion of the great labours which he had sketched out for himself. These consisted mainly of three works:—a "History of Rome," to be carried down at least to the fall of the Western empire; a "Commentary on the New Testament;" and a "Treatise on Church and State." His History of Rome, as he left it, is contained in three octavo volumes, and extends only to the end of the second Punic war. The intended commentary is actually represented merely by a few essays on prophecy and the interpretation of Scripture; while only a fragment is left of the intended work on Church and State. His other works are—an edition of Thucydides; six volumes of Sermons, chiefly addressed to the Rugby boys; a volume of lectures on Modern History, delivered at Oxford; and a volume of miscellaneous works, consisting mostly of republished pamphlets on political or social topics. More than those of most men, his writings all bear the strong impress of his personal character. His biographer truly says, that they were "not so much words as deeds." Thus, in writing the history of Rome, he had ever in view the political and moral lessons which the fortunes and fate of Rome present for the instruction of modern times, and his great aim was to impress these vividly and effectually on the hearts and minds of his countrymen.
Viewed generally, in the ensemble of his life and character, Arnold will probaby rank in the judgment of posterity among the greatest names of the nineteenth century. Fearless, disinterested, transparently truthful, religious without cant, and zealous without rancour, he produced through life the impression on his warmest opponents of a man whom it was impossible not to respect, while his own friends, and more especially his pupils, conceived an admiration and a love for him, the intensity of which it would be difficult to exaggerate. Few men in modern times have so well realised and represented the ideal of the old knightly character as the schoolmaster of Rugby. He was preeminently sans peur et sans reproche. Generous, pure-minded, and devout; full of sympathy with the suffering; scorning and labouring to put down all that was base and selfish; firm and faithful in every relation of life, he ever appeared as a tower of strength to weak and vacillating virtue, and as the stern rebuker of low aims, of sloth, of moral cowardice, and of injustice. The incompleteness of the writings which he has left may prevent his attaining to lasting celebrity as a writer; but Arnold's work is not to be measured by these. Like Dr. Johnson, the man was far greater than anything that he has written; and England will be changed indeed when she ceases to recognize such men as the truest of her sons and the greatest of her benefactors.
Dr. Arnold's life has been admirably written by the Rev. Arthur P. Stanley, son of the late bishop of Norwich, and one of his old pupils.—T. A.
ARNOLD, Thomas Kerchever, rector of Lyndon, Rutlandshire, and the author of several most useful educational works, was the son of Thomas Arnold, M.D. of Stamford, and born 1800. He was educated at Cambridge, where he became fellow of Trinity, and in 1830 was presented to Lyndon, where he died, March 9, 1853. In addition to his fame as the writer of the educational works above referred to, Mr. Arnold had a good reputation as a theologian.—J. B., O.
ARNOLD or ARNALD of Verdala, a bishop of Maguelone, in Languedoc, who was employed by the pope (Benedict XII.) in persecuting the Albigenses.
* ARNOLD, William Delafield, fourth son of the late Dr. Arnold, was born 7th April, 1828. He was educated at his father's school at Rugby, thence in 1846 he passed to Christ's Church, Oxford, and in 1848 he joined the Indian army. The failure of his health made it necessary for him to leave the army in 1855, but in the same year he was appointed to the office which he still holds, that of director of public education in the Punjaub. Mr. Arnold's most famous work is "Oakfield; or Fellowship in the East," a tale of unusual power, and of no ordinary interest, giving an insight into the life and struggles of a young soldier mid the temptations and corruptions of the Bengal army. It was at first published anonymously, but when those who considered themselves aggrieved by the disclosures which it made, accused the unknown writer of cowardice, he boldly gave his name. He has also published a translation of Wiese's lectures on English education, and a small volume of lectures on English history. Mr. Arnold married in 1850 the daughter of General Hodgson.—J. B.
ARNOLD of Winkelried, a Swiss hero, who, at the battle of Sempach (1386), sacrificed himself to insure victory to his countrymen. The Austrian knights, dismounted, had formed themselves into a phalanx which the Swiss vainly strove to pierce; when Arnold rushing on the spear points of the enemy, and burying several in his bosom, thus opened a gap in the fence of steel. The Swiss rushed in through the opening, and routed the Austrians with terrible slaughter.—J. W. S.
ARNOLDI or DI ARNOLDO, Alberto, an Italian sculptor and architect of the fourteenth century. He executed a colossal group, representing the Virgin and Child, with two angels, for the church of S. Maria de Bigallo in Florence, completing the work, at which he wrought during a period of five years, in 1364. As architect, he was engaged at a later date on the cathedral of Florence.—A. M.
ARNOLDI, Bartholomew, an Augustine friar, who lived in the age of Luther, and was a zealous opponent of the new doctrine. He was born at Usingen, and died at Erfort in 1532.
ARNOLDI, Conrad Johann, a Lutheran divine, born at Brabant, on the Moselle, in 1658, occupied several important positions in the church and in public seminaries, and became at length professor of logic and metaphysics in the university of Giessen. He wrote some programmes and dissertations, and died in 1735.
ARNOLDI, Daniel, a German philologist, born at Bergedorf in 1595; died in 1651.
ARNOLDI, Johann von, was born in 1751 at Herborn, in the duchy of Nassau. Having studied in his native town and in Göttingen, he entered upon his professional career as an advocate. In 1777 he was appointed secretary of the archives of Dillenburg; in 1784 he became a member of the chamber of finance, and in 1792 a councillor of state. During the wars
