in 1685, with the title "Historiæ Svecorum Gothorumque Ecclesiasticæ Libri IV. Priores." Arrhenius was raised to the rank of a nobleman in 1684, and took the name of Oernhielm, or the Eagle-helmet.—J. S., G.
ARRHENIUS, Jacob, a Swedish historian, brother of the preceding, was born at Linkoping in 1642. He was professor of history in the university of Upsal from 1687 till 1716, when he resigned in favour of his son Laurentius. His works treat principally of disputed points in ancient history.
ARRHIBÆUS, a Macedonian chief, who revolted against King Perdiccas in the Peloponnesian war.
ARRHIDÆUS, one of the generals of Alexander the Great, was employed to convey the body of the king from Babylon into Egypt. In 321 b.c., after the death of Perdiccas, he was proclaimed, along with Pithon, regent of Macedonia, which office Eurydice compelled him to resign. He was afterwards assigned the government of a part of Phrygia.—J. S., G.
ARRHIDÆUS, son of Philip II. of Macedonia by a dancer, named Phillina of Larissa, reigned six years and four months from the death of Alexander the Great. Imbecile in mind and body, while his throne was nominally shared by the infant son of Alexander and Roxana, he was completely the slave of his wife Eurydice, along with whom he was assassinated, by order of Olympias, in 317 b.c.—J. S., G.
ARRIA, a celebrated Roman matron, wife of Cæcinna Pætus, consul during the reign of Claudius, about a.d. 41. Pætus having raised an unsuccessful revolt against Claudius in Illyria, was condemned to die; whether by his own hands or not, is uncertain. At any rate, some opportunity was afforded him of avoiding public punishment by suicide, which the Romans did not deem a crime. Pætus hesitated; Arria seized the dagger, plunged it into her bosom, and then presenting it to her husband, said, "It is not painful, Pætus." Other anecdotes, expressive of her conjugal devotion, are on record, and have immortalized her.—T. J.
ARRIA, daughter of the preceding, was the wife of Thrasea Pætus. When her husband was condemned to death, she wished, like her heroic mother, to show him how to die, but was persuaded to live on for the sake of her daughter Fannia.
ARRIA, a female philosopher, devoted to the system of Plato. She was a contemporary of Galen, who has left a warm eulogy on her merits. She had the merit of suggesting to Diogenes Laertius the compilation of his precious collections.
ARRIAGA, Juan Chrisostome d', a Spanish musician, who exhibited from his infancy such a genius for music, as induced his patrons, in his thirteenth year, to send him to be trained at Paris, was born at Bilboa in 1808. He was entered a pupil at the Conservatoire, and studied harmony under Fètis, and the violin under Baillot. His brilliant career, of which the few memorials in the shape of compositions that remain are still unpublished, was terminated in 1825 by a lingering disease, the consequence of unremitting mental exertion.—J. S., G.
ARRIAGA, Pablo Joseph d', a Spanish jesuit, was born at Vergara in 1562. He was sent as a missionary to Peru, and became successively rector of the colleges of Arequipa and Lima. He perished by shipwreck on a voyage to Rome. His principal works are:—1. "Directorio Espiritual," 1608; 2. "Extirpacion de la Idolatria de los Indios del Piru y de los medios para la Conversion dellos," 1621; 3. "Rhetoris Christiani Partes Septem," 1619.—J. S., G.
ARRIAGO, Rodrigo d', a Spanish jesuit, born at Logrono in Castile, taught philosophy at Valladolid and Salamanca, and theology at Prague, from which latter city he was several times sent on important missions to the court of Rome. His principal work, "Cursus Philosophicus," published at Antwerp in 1632, was received with great favour by his brethren in Spain, and hardly deserves the neglect into which it has fallen.—J. S., G.
ARRIANUS, a philosophical and historical writer, was a native of Nicomedia, in Asia Minor. He lived some time in Greece, where he was highly honoured, and there met the Emperor Hadrian, who bestowed on him special marks of respect. In the reign of Antoninus Pius he was raised to the consulship. He seems to have retired to his native city in his old age. Arrianus was a pupil of the famous stoic Epictetus, and tried to do for his master what Xenophon did for Socrates. He published the lectures of Epictetus in eight books, four of which have come down to us. It was he who compiled the world-renowned "Manual of Epictetus," the best compendium of the stoic philosophy. He also wrote the "Anabasis of Alexander the Great," a work much inferior to that of Quintus Curtius in power of description, but far more accurate in details, and more trustworthy in its authorities. Several other works of Arrianus are mentioned:—A treatise on the Chase; a work on India; a voyage round the Euxine; and a work on Tactics.—J. D.
ARRIANUS, a Greek, who composed an epic poem in twenty-four books, called "The Alexandriad."
ARRIANUS, a Greek, author of a treatise on "Meteors," and another on "Comets."
ARRIBAS, an early king of the Molossians in Epirus, descended from Achilles.
ARRIGHETTI, Nicolo, was born at Florence in 1580, became the pupil and friend of Galileo, translated the dialogues of Plato into Italian, and died in 1639.
ARRIGHETTI, Nicolo, a learned jesuit of Florence, who lived in the eighteenth century, professed the natural sciences at the university of Sienna, and wrote upon heat and light.
ARRIGHETTO or ARRIGO, Enrico, was born at Settimello, near Florence, in the twelfth century, and became celebrated for a Latin poem, entitled "De diversitate fortunæ et philosophiæ consolatione," which gives an account of his own distress. He had held the valuable living of Colenzano, but through a protracted lawsuit had lost it, and was thus reduced to beggary.
ARRIGHI, Antonio Maria, a lawyer of Corsica, of a family connected with the Bonapartes, was born about the end of the seventeenth century, became professor of jurisprudence at Padua, and died in 1753.
ARRIGHI, Jean Toussaint, Duke of Padua, a Corsican who became a general in the French service. He was born in 1778, and served Napoleon to the last with bravery and fidelity. He was banished in 1815, but recalled in 1820.
ARRIGHI, Joseph, an Italian painter of Volterra, a favourite pupil of Balassar Franceschini, who has materially aided Arrighi in all those works of his which remain.
ARRIGHI, Landini, a Florentine improvisatore of the last century, one of the best Italian poets of that period. His best known works are "Il Sepolcro d'lsacco Newton," 1751; and "La Bibliade," describing the principal libraries, ancient and modern.
ARRIGHI, Lorenzo, a monk of Bologna, of the seventeenth century.
ARRIGONI, Carlo, a musician of the former half of the eighteenth century, who was equally celebrated as a composer and as a performer on the lute. He was born at Florence, from whence, at the age of fifteen, he proceeded on his artistic travels, in the course of which he met with such success that he was engaged by Prince Carignano as maestro di capella. In 1732 he was invited to London, together with Porporu, by the noble directors of the Royal Academy of Music, as a rival to Handel, and here, in 1734, he produced his opera of "Fernando." He left this country in 1736, and two years later he is traced to Vienna, where he brought out his opera of "Esther." He died about 1743, in Tuscany.—(Fètis, Schilling.)—G. A. M.
ARRIGONI, Francesco, an author of Bergamo, who lived in the seventeenth century, and was employed by Cardinal F. Borromeo in translating Greek manuscripts.
ARRIGONI, Giovanni Battista, a poet of Mantua, of the sixteenth century.
ARRIUS, Quintus, a Roman prætor who lived about 72 b.c., and was employed in the servile war.
ARRIUS, Quintus, a son of the former, and friend of Cicero.
ARRIVABENE, Andrea, a Venetian printer and translator of the sixteenth century.
ARRIVABENE, Fernando, a jurist and philologian of Mantua, was born in 1770, and died in 1834.
ARRIVABENE, Giovanni Francesco, a poet of Mantua, lived in the sixteenth century, best known as the author of two maritime eclogues, "L'Idromanzia" and "Cloanto," 1547.
ARRIVABENE, Giovanni Pietro, a poet of Mantua of the fifteenth century, whose principal work, named "Gonzagidos Libri Quatuor," celebrated the exploits of Lodovico Gonzago III., marquis of Mantua.
ARRIVABENE, Lodovico, an Italian poet of the 16th cent.
ARROWSMITH, Aaron, a celebrated geographer, was born at Winston, in Durham, in 1750. He was instructed in mathematics by Emerson, and was afterwards employed by Cary the
