abroad and died at Hamburg, 3rd October, 1826, on his return to his country. His chief German works are "Parthenais oder die Alpenreise," an idyllic epos in hexameters, and "Adam and Eva oder die Geschichte des Sündenfalls," a humorous epic poem (1826). His German lyrics, "Gedichte" and "Haideblumen," are remarkable for simplicity and tenderness, but deficient in originality and power. His odes are imitations of Klopstock. In his "Karfunkel-oder Klingklingelalmanach," he ridiculed the Italian and Oriental metrical forms, then much in vogue in Germany. Among his Danish writings, his lyric and mock-heroic poems rank highest; his "Comiske Fortaellinger" (Comic Tales), though written in imitation of Wieland, nevertheless are justly admired. In his great prose work, "Labyrinthen, Digtervandringer i Europa," he has told his own story. Complete editions of his Danish works in 12 vols., Copenhagen, 1827-1832, and of his German poetical works in 5 vols., Leipzig, 1836, have been published by his sons.—K. E.
BAGER, Halgvin, a Swedish poet of considerable reputation in the eighteenth century.
BAGLIONE, Cesare, an Italian painter of the sixteenth century, a native of Bologna; studied under his father, an artist of little name. He painted, with particular success, landscapes, flowers, and arabesques, the latter especially, which he constantly intermingles with his figures. His frescos, in the ducal palace of Parma, exhibit a variety and originality of conception that makes one regret his spoiling them by the overcrowding of the ornaments. Died at Parma, 1590, leaving several good pupils; amongst them Spada, Dentone, and Pisanelli.—R. M.
BAGLIONE, Cavalier Giovanni, an Italian historical painter; born at Rome about 1573, died about 1650; was brought up by an obscure teacher, Francesco Morelli, whom he soon left to study the works of the great masters. His success was complete, and his indefatigable ardour for art found full scope in the numerous orders intrusted to him by the pope, Paul V., the duke of Mantua, and others, by whom he was highly esteemed and duly patronized. Amongst his best works are the frescos in several churches at Rome, as St. Giovanni in Laterano, St. Maria Maggiore, St. Onofrio, and other excellent pictures in the palaces Chigi and Ruspigliosi. Not the least claim of Baglione to fame are the interesting notices of the lives of painters, sculptors, and architects of his time, written and published by him. Some writers on art pretend that his manner approaches that of his contemporary, Cardi (better known as Cigoli); but Baglione's lacks that vigour and brilliancy of colouring that procured to the other the surname of "Florentine Correggio."—R. M.
BAGLIONI, Astorre, died in Cyprus in 1571. After the death of his father, he retired with his mother to Venice. The gallant defence which he made of Famagouste, when besieged by the Turks, has perpetuated his memory. Encouraged by him, the garrison and the inhabitants held out for four months, and fought with the energy of despair. They undermined the walls and fortifications of their town, so that the Turkish forces, when they commenced the assault, were buried in the ruins. Sixty thousand Turks perished during the siege; and, after four months of the most heroic effort, the town was surrendered on honourable conditions to Mustapha, the commander of the Turkish army. This perfidious general, however, having, with seeming kindness, received into his tent Baglioni, with the leading men of the town and officers of the garrison, caused them all to be inhumanly cut under the eyes, with the exception of one, Bragadin, whom he reserved for the most cruel tortures. In losing Famagouste, Venice lost for ever the island of Cyprus.—G. M.
BAGLIONI, Lelio, a Florentine theologian; died at Sienna in 1620. Of his numerous works, the most important is "Tractatus de Prædestinatione."
BAGLIVI, George, a celebrated Italian physician. He was born at Ragusa in 1669. He commenced the study of the medical profession at the university of Salerno, and afterwards studied at Padua and Bologna, subsequently visiting the hospitals of Italy and Dalmatia. In 1692, he settled in Rome, where he became acquainted with the famous Malpighi, whose friendship he retained till his death. He was soon after appointed by Pope Clement IX., professor of anatomy at the college of La Sapienza, which was also known as the Archilyceum. In 1696, he published a work entitled "De Praxi Medica ad priscam observandi rationem revocanda libri duo. Accedunt dissertationes novæ, de Anatome, morsu et effectibus Tarantulæ ubi obiter de ovis ostrearum delectis, de natura lapidis serpentini vulgo Cobra de Capelo," Rome, 8vo. In this work he proclaimed his intention to devote himself to the observation of disease, and his determination not to follow the fashionable theories of the day. Of all writings, he declared those of Hippocrates to be the most valuable. At the same time he disagreed with Hippocrates in regarding the seat of disease in the fluids of the body. He stated his conviction that all morbid changes first occurred in the solids of the body, and that these subsequently communicated their disordered condition to the fluids. These views he repeated in his work entitled "Specimen quatuor librorum de Fibra Motrice et Morbosa; cui annexæ sunt quatuor Dissertationes." This work was first published in Rome in 1702, and subsequent editions appeared in 1703 and 1704. Although the views of Baglivi are now justly brought into question, they exercised at the time he published them a most beneficial influence on the practice of medicine. The humoral pathology was a mass of crudities and speculations when he attacked it, and his sound observations on disordered conditions of the solids, led to the more accurate investigation of the fluids, which have led at the present day to the general conviction, that they are first disturbed, in diseased conditions. He published, besides the works mentioned, several minor works. A collected edition of his writings was originally published in 1704, and the value that has been attached to these works is shown in the fact, that subsequent editions have appeared every few years since. In 1788, Pinel edited them in 2 vols., in France, and in 1828 an edition, edited by Kühn, appeared in Germany. He died in Rome in 1706, at the early age of thirty-eight. He had, however, obtained a European reputation, and had been elected a fellow of the Royal Society of London, and of many of the continental scientific societies.—E. L.
BAGNACAVALLO, Bartolommeo, surnamed the Elder, an Italian painter, born at Bagnacavallo in 1484, died 1542, his real name being B. Ramenghi. He studied first at Bologna under Francia; then he proceeded to Rome, where he attended the school of Raphael, and worked with the other pupils of the great master in the decoration of the Loggie. Not being able to cope with the best of his colleagues (although possessed of much of the grace characteristic of both his two masters, and displaying excellent colouring), Bagnacavallo preferred leaving Rome and returning to Bologna, where, in the two Cotignolas, and Innocente da Imola, he found rivals much more easy to surpass. By the works he then executed, in which his adherence to Raphael's style is constantly evident, Bagnacavallo deserved and obtained to be considered the best painter of the Bolognese school at that time. Several fine specimens by this artist, besides what is to be seen in Bologna, are now in the galleries of Dresden, Berlin, and Naples.—R. M.
BAGNACAVALLO, Bartolommeo, the Younger, nephew of the elder Bartolommeo, a painter who distinguished himself, especially in ornaments.
BAGNACAVALLO, Gian Battista, the Elder, a son of the elder Bartolommeo, who, after having studied under his father, worked first with Vasari at Rome, then with Primaticcio in France, where he died in 1601.
BAGNACAVALLO, Gian Battista, the Younger, son of the younger Bartolommeo, also an artist of very good name, who, with Scipione, his cousin, equally a painter, flourished about the beginning of the seventeenth century.—R. M.
BAGNALL, William, the preserver of Charles II. after the battle of Worcester. He then lived in Sidbury, and died September 21, 1652, aged thirty-six.
BAGNUOLO, a Neapolitan general, born in the kingdom of Naples at the end of the sixteenth, died in the second half of the seventeenth century. He was called by Philip IV. to serve in the army which was sent to expel the Dutch from Brazil. He evinced great ability in the contest with Maurice of Nassau; and afterwards received from the viceroy the chief command of the Brazilian army. His successful defence of the capital, when besieged by Prince Maurice in 1638, procured for him from Philip IV. the title of prince.—G. M.
BAGOAS, a eunuch, at first in the service of Darius, and afterwards the favourite of Alexander the Great. He was remarkable for his beauty of person, and was in consequence the object of an odious passion on the part of Alexander.
BAGOAS, an Egyptian eunuch who lived in the first half of the fourth century before the Christian era. He commanded the armies of Artaxerxes-Ochus, whom he afterwards slew.
