phia, 1st April, 1742; died May 24, 1821. He studied medicine at London and Edinburgh, where he received the degree of doctor of medicine in 1765. On his return to his native country, he founded at New York a school of medicine, a public library, and a hospital for the use of the pupils. He reckoned amongst his numerous pupils the celebrated Washington. In 1813 he was nominated president of the College of Surgeons at New York. He published a memoir on malignant sore-throat, and a treatise on midwifery, entitled "A Compendium of the Theory and Practice of Midwifery," New York, 1814-15, 8vo.—E. L.
BARDAJI Y AZARA, Don Eusibio de, a Spanish statesman, born at Huete in the province of Cuença in 1765; died at Madrid, 7th March, 1844. His first office was that of head of the bureau of chancery at Madrid in 1808, and he next accompanied D. Pedro Cevallos in his mission to Bayonne. He held successively a great number of important offices in the state, and finally, on the 17th Dec, 1837, quitted the field of politics.—G. M.
BARDAS, a patrician of Constantinople, brother of the Empress Theodora, mother of the Emperor Michael III., died 21st April, 866. Being a man of learning. He re-established the sciences, which had declined in the empire since the time of Leon the Isaurian, who had burned the library of Constantinople. In 858 he expelled Ignatius from the patriarchal chair, which he bestowed on the eunuch Photius, his nephew. This circumstance became a source of schism in the Greek church.—G. M.
BARDAS-SCLERUS, general under the Emperor John Zimisces, died about 990. He acquired great authority at Constantinople by his boldness and his intrigues. In 975, after the death of John Zimisces, he caused himself to be proclaimed emperor by the army. He was opposed by different generals, but was almost always victor. At length he encountered Bardas Phocus in a battle fought at Amorea in Phrygia, and this contest having terminated the war, the two generals resolved on fighting a duel the next day. Sclerus was dangerously wounded, and was reduced to the necessity of seeking an asylum in the dominions of the caliph of Bagdad, who ordered him to be arrested. Having, the following year, obtained his liberty, he united with Bardas Phocus, who had assumed the purple, and shared the empire with him. He afterwards tendered his submission to the Emperor Basil, who bestowed on him the office of grand-master of the palace.—G. M.
* BARDELEBEN, Kurt de, a Prussian deputy, born 24th April, 1796. In 1834 he was called to represent the nobility in the provincial diet of Königsberg; and in 1840 he was one of those who petitioned the king for the organization of a representative government. In 1848 he sat as deputy of the circle of Königsberg in the national assembly of Frankfort. He was not a member of the assembly of 1849, but in that which followed he again represented Königsberg, and manifested an energetic opposition to the politics of M. de Manteufel.—G. M.
BARDESANES, a famous heretic, was a native of Edessa, and flourished towards the close of the second century. The chronicle of Edessa fixes his birthday to the 11th July, 154 a.d., but this date cannot be completely relied on. The facts of his history are involved in obscurity or perplexity. Eusebius asserts that Bardesanes was first a heretic, and then came round to the orthodox faith, though he never completely threw off all his errors. Epiphanius, on the other hand, tells us that he was brought up an orthodox Christian, and afterwards became heretical. The most feasible explanation of these diverse statements is, that he might be at once called a heretic or an orthodox Christian, according to the latitude allowed by the writer: for, while differing from the orthodox church in some points, he differed also from many of the heretics, wrote against their errors, and seemed thus to take part with the church. The doctrines on which he differed from the church were—the origin of evil, the person of Christ, and the resurrection of the body. He asserted the existence of two great principles or roots; one of good, and the other of evil. He reckoned evil in man to be the result mainly of his gross body, which he received from the devil only after he had yielded to his suggestions. The body of Christ, therefore, could not be this gross earthly body, but a heavenly body. At the same time, he maintained that Christ was born by means of Mary, not of her. He could not agree, also, to the opinion that the bodies which had died would rise again, as they were fitted only for sinful men. Bardesanes wrote various books. Among these are mentioned Syriac imitations of the Psalms of David, by means of which he spread his peculiar tenets. He also wrote a work accurately described by Eusebius and others to be "on fate," but which bears the name of the "Book of the Laws of Countries." It was till lately known only by the fragments of a Greek translation of it which had been preserved in Eusebius. In 1855 the Syriac work itself was published in Cureton's Spicilegium Syriacum. It discusses the subject of fate and free-will; and is especially designed to show that the stars have no influence on the habits and destinies of men. There can be no doubt that in the manuscript now edited by Cureton, which was obtained by Archdeacon Tattam in 1843, from a Syrian convent in the desert of Nitria, we have the original: for, though one ancient writer says that Bardesanes knew Greek, other testimony is strong that he wrote only in Syriac, and that his acquaintances translated his writings into Greek. There are a few striking differences between the Syriac and the Greek. Eusebius informs us that the work was addressed to Antoninus, but whether to Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, or to his colleague, Annius Verus, who must have visited Edessa in the days of Bardesanes, is left uncertain. Most have supposed that it was to Annius Verus.—J. D.
BARDI, Andrea, a Florentine poet, a contemporary of Petrarch.
BARDI, Donato. See Donatello.
BARDI, Jerome, an Italian physician and theologian, born at Rapallo on the 7th March, 1603; died 1670. His bad health obliged him to separate himself from the jesuit brotherhood, to which for five years he had belonged. From Gênes, where he afterwards went, and where he received his degree of doctor of medicine and divinity, he came to Pisa, where he obtained from Julien de Medicis, governor of that town, the chair of philosophy. At a later period he returned to Rome, where he remained from 1651 to 1667, and obtained from Alexander VII. a licence to practise medicine. He wrote "Xaverius Peregrinus, pede pari et impari Descriptus," Rome, 1659, 4to; a poem, for which Bardi obtained from the pope a pension of fifty Roman crowns. He left a manuscript under the singular title of "Musica, Medica, Magica, Dissona," &c.—E. L.
BARDI, Pierre de, count of Vernio, born in Florence in the first part of the seventeenth century; author of critical and philosophical works.
BARDILI, Christopher Godfrey, born at Blauberen, 1761; died 1806. Being thoroughly dissatisfied with the course of modern German philosophy, he undertook to place it on a sound footing, by basing all science on the principle of logical identity. According to him non-contradiction is the sole test of truth. Hence he was driven to maintain that the universe of actual existences contains all possible existences. His principal work is a "Sketch of the first logic, purged from the errors which have generally disfigured it hitherto, particularly those of Kant's philosophy," Stutgard, 1800.—J. D. E.
BARDILI, Hans Wendel, a German writer, author of travels and voyages, born at Reutlingen; died in 1740.
BARDIN, Étienne-Alexander, Baron, born 1774; died 1840. He pursued a military career, and took part in all the campaigns of the Revolution and the Empire. He wrote several valuable works. The best known is a "Manual on Infantry."
BARDIN, Jean, a French historical painter, born at Monbard in 1732, studied first under Legrenée, the elder, and then at Rome. He has the credit of having been the master of David and Regnault.—R. M.
BARDIN, Pierre, a French lawyer, born at Toulouse in the first part of the fifteenth century. He wrote chiefly on ecclesiastical subjects.
BARDIN, William, a lawyer of the fifteenth century. He wrote a "History of Languedoc."
BARDISANES, the Babylonian, a historian of the times of Heliogabalus and Alexander Severus, is quoted by Porphyry as the author of a work "On the Philosophy of the Indians," some notices of which he had obtained from Indian envoys to the court of Heliogabalus.
BARDOLINI, Matthew, an Italian geographer, who lived in the beginning of the sixteenth century. He wrote a work on "The Planisphere."
BARDON DE BRUN, Bernard, a French tragic writer, who lived about the middle of the sixteenth century; author of "Saint James," a tragedy in five acts.
BARDOU, Jean, a French priest and littérateur; died in 1803. He wrote, "Amusement of a Solitary Philosopher."
