ADGILLUS, made duke of the Frisians by Clotaire III., king of the Franks. He did much to benefit his subjects, seeking, among other things, to promote the Christian religion. His efforts were ultimately unsuccessful, as the Frisians returned to paganism under his successor. Adgillus lived toward the end of the seventh and beginning of the eighth century.
ADHAD-EDDAULAH, an able and powerful, but ambitious and unscrupulous sultan of Persia, renowned for his conquests, his encouragement of science and literature, and his numerous, useful, and splendid public works, was born at Ispahan in 936. He made himself master of Bagdad, and nearly all Irac. His friendship was cultivated by the Greek emperor, and his court was the resort of philosophers and poets, who vied with each other in recording his praises. He died in 983.—E. M.
ADH-DHAHEBI´, a Mohammedan writer, born at Damascus, a.d. 1274-5, and raised to the dignity of mufti of his native city. His best known work is a chronological history of Mohammedanism, comprising the annals of all the Moslem nations from the creation to his own time. He also wrote biographies of the celebrated theologians of his faith. Died in 1347-8.
ADH-DHOBBI´, an historian, born at Cordova, about the beginning of the thirteenth century. His history of the Spanish Arabs is one of the most valuable sources for the history of Mohammedan Spain.
ADHELM. See Aldhelm.
ADHEMAR, Guillaume, a Provençal poet of the twelfth century, about whom a romantic story is told that he died of grief at the proposed marriage of the countess of Die; that the lady visited him before his death, and was so filled with sorrow that she abandoned the idea of marriage, and retired to a convent, where she, too, soon died of grief. Eighteen of this poet's songs are in the public libraries of Paris.—J. B.
ADHERBAL, a Carthaginian officer in the first Punic war. He defeated the Roman fleet off the coast of Sicily, 250 b.c.
ADHERBAL, one of the Numidian kings, who shared the government with his brother Hiempsal and his cousin Jugurtha. He ascended the throne 118 b.c.
ADHNA, chief poet of Ireland, flourished in the early part of the reign of Connor MacNessa, king of Ulster, about 3950 a.m. Some fragments of laws, said to be the joint production of Adhna and others, are still extant in the library of Trinity college, Dublin.—(O'Reilly.)
'A´DIL SHA´H (Yusuf), born in Asia Minor, of the royal Ottoman family, near the middle of the fifteenth century. On the succession of his brother Mohammed II. in 1451, Yusuf, then a child, had to be conveyed into Persia for safety from Mohammed, who sought his life. He subsequently embarked for India, and in 1460 arrived in the Deccan. There he rapidly rose to power, and became the founder of the 'A´dil Shàhi dynasty of Bijapúr, which lasted till 1689.—J. B.
ADIMANTUS, a Manichean, esteemed one of the greatest of the sect, wrote a book against the divine authority of the Old Testament, which was answered by Augustine, about a.d. 394.
ADIMARI, Alessandro, an Italian poet of some note in his time, member of an ancient Florentine family, born in 1579. He translated Pindar into Italian verse. Died in 1649.
ADIMARI, Ludovico, a professor at Pisa, and a poet of some reputation, born in 1644. Besides satires, sonnets, and hymns, he wrote an excellent paraphrase of the "Penitential Psalms." Died in 1708.
ADLER, George Christian, born at Wohlbacht on the southern frontier of Silesia in 1674, was most distinguished as a teacher, but is known besides as the author of several theological works. His son bearing the same name was also a theologian, but is best known for his classical attainments, and books connected with philology.
ADLER, James George Christian, D.D., a learned Lutheran bishop of Denmark, was born at Amis, Schleswig-Holstein, on the 8th of December, 1756. He was appointed professor of theology and court preacher at Copenhagen in 1783, and afterwards councillor of the supreme consistory, and general superintendent of Schleswig. He died on a visitation journey at Gilau, on the 22nd of August, 1834. His most important work is an edition of the Syriac version of the New Testament, 4to, 1789.—W. L. A.
ADLER, Philip, an early German artist, born at Nuremberg in 1484, celebrated as (he great improver, and all but creator of the art of etching. The print representing the Virgin, the infant Jesus, &c., which Strutt in his "Dictionary of Engravers" attributes to Adler, and pronounces his masterpiece, is the work of David Hopfer.—(Bryan's Dictionary of Painters.)
ADLERBETH, Gudmund-George, a learned Swedish statesman and poet, born at Joenkoening in 1751. Having completed his studies for the civil service at the university of Upsal, he held successively various high public offices. In 1809 he was elected a member of a committee for drawing up the new constitution, and took a prominent part in the work. In 1813 he withdrew entirely from public life, and devoted the remainder of his days to literature. He published various excellent Swedish translations in verse from Racine, Virgil, Horace, and Ovid. Died in 1818.—E. M.
ADLERFELDT, Gustavus, a Swedish gentleman, born near Stockholm in 1671, who accompanied Charles XII. of Sweden in all his campaigns, and kept an accurate journal, which was published under the title of "A Military History of Charles XII. of Sweden, from 1700 to the battle of Pultowa." As Adlerfeldt was killed at Pultowa, the concluding portion of the history, containing an account of the engagement there, and of Charles's subsequent adventures, was added by a Swedish officer who had been present. Killed in 1709.—E. M.
ADLERSCREUTZ, Baron, a Swedish general, who headed the revolution which, in 1809, drove Gustavus III. from the throne of Sweden.
ADLERSPARRE, George, Count, a Swedish general and author, born in 1760. On the death of Gustavus III., who had sent him on a secret mission to Norway, he withdrew from the public service, and devoted himself to literature. From 1797 to 1800, he continued to publish a literary and political journal, the liberal tone of which gave umbrage to the government. He took part in the revolution which dethroned Gustavus IV., and was the first who advanced on Stockholm with a body of troops, but, on reaching that capital, he found the revolution nearly completed. About the year 1811, he retired to his estates at Wermland, and there spent the remainder of his life. In 1830 he published an interesting collection of documents relating to the history of Sweden, and a sequel to it in 1832. Died in 1837.—E. M.
ADLZREITER, John, a German statesman, prime minister to Maximilian I., elector of Bavaria, and author of "Annales Boïcæ Gentis," born at Rosenheim in Bavaria in 1596. These annals are a history of Bavaria from the earliest times to the date of publication—1662. According to some, their real author was Father Fervaux, a French jesuit, Adlzreiter having merely supplied the materials from the secret archives of Bavaria, of which he was for some time keeper. Died in 1662.—E. M.
ADMIRAL, Henri l', a Frenchman, born at Aujolet in 1744, and originally a domestic servant, who formed the resolution of assassinating Robespierre and Collot d'Herbois. On the night of 22nd May, 1794, he fired two pistols at the latter, but missed him. Fifty-two persons were guillotined along with L'Admiral, on the pretext of participation in his design.
ADMIRAL, Jean l', a portrait miniature painter, born in Normandy in 1698. He studied under Leblond in London, and ultimately established himself at Amsterdam, where he died in 1773. He is still better known as an engraver, especially for his illustrations of Van Mander's work on the lives of painters.
ADMON, one of the most celebrated engravers of gems of Greece. Although no date is known in connection with Admon, the many excellent works of his that are known, point to the best period of art.
ADO, archbishop of Vienna in Dauphiné, a man of considerable learning, and extolled for his public and private virtues, born about 800. He was highly esteemed by Charles the Bald and Louis II., and consulted by them on affairs of state. Besides several ecclesiastical biographies, he wrote a "Universal Chronicle" in Latin, valued for the light it throws on the early history of France. Died about 875.
ADOLPHI, Christian Michael, author of several dissertations on medical subjects, born in Silesia in 1676, became professor in the university of Leipsig, where he died in 1753.
ADOLPHUS I., of the family of the count of Shaumburg, raised in 1106 by Lothar, afterwards emperor of Germany, to the government of the country of Holstein, at the death of Count Gottfried. His descendants ruled over Holstein for 350 years. He was succeeded in 1131 by his son Adolphus II., colonized with German settlers the country of Wagrii, and the
