took refuge with his uncle, King Alfonso, who resided at Naples. On the death of Alfonso without issue in 1458, he became heir to the crown of Arragon, but was compelled to rouse the Spanish population to obtain from his father, John II., the acknowledgment of his right. Died without issue in 1461.—A. H. P.
CARLOS, Don, eldest son of Philip II. of Spain, by Mary of Portugal, his first wife, was born at Valladolid, July 8, 1545. A constant and bitter animosity prevailed between this unfortunate prince and his father. The disposition of Carlos was ambitious and uncontrollably passionate, but he was altogether destitute of capacity for the business of government, a defect at which Philip was greatly disappointed. Carlos, on his side, was deeply incensed at his father's marriage with Isabel, daughter of Henry II. of France, to whom he had himself been betrothed. It is said that Philip suspected an intrigue between them. In the beginning of 1568, the king, informed that Carlos had secretly expressed sympathy with the protestants of the Netherlands, and meditated quitting Spain and placing himself at their head, and had even attempted the life of the duke of Alva, who had accepted that government, repaired at midnight with a guard to his son's chamber, and placed him under arrest. Kept in a rigorous confinement, the unfortunate prince made several attempts upon his own life, which was at last terminated by poison, by order of the king, and on the sentence of the inquisition of Madrid, in July, 1568.—A. H. P.
CARLOS, Don, pretender to the crown of Spain, and next heir to the old French monarchy after the descendants of Charles X., was the second son of Charles IV., king of Spain, and Maria Louisa of Parma, and was born March 29, 1788. He shared the captivity of his family in France in 1807. In March, 1830, his brother, Ferdinand VII., repealed the salic law in favour of his own daughters, Isabella and Louisa. This law had been introduced by the Bourbon kings, and formed no part of the ancient Spanish constitution. Ferdinand died September 29, 1833, and the absolutist party immediately asserted the claim of Carlos. A sanguinary war followed, in which the pretender's cause was brilliantly sustained until his general, Zumalacarregui, was killed before Bilboa in June, 1835; after which he met with a series of reverses, and in September, 1839, was compelled to retreat into France, where the government placed him under surveillance at Bourges. He abdicated his claims, May 18, 1845, and retired into Italy, with the title of Count de Molina. He married In succession two daughters of John VI., king of Portugal, viz., Maria Francesca, September, 1816, and Maria Theresa, October, 1838. Died at Trieste in 1855.—His eldest son, Count de Montemolin, born in 1818; married in 1850, Maria Carolina, sister of Queen Christina, and of Ferdinand II., king of the Two Sicilies, but has no issue.—The younger, Don Juan Carlos, has two sons.—A. H. P.
CARLOWITZ, Aloise Christine, Baronne de, born at Fiume, 15th February, 1797, and although of German origin, considered a French authoress. She has written historical and other romances of merit, yet her reputation rests chiefly on a translation of the Messiah of Klopstock, which, with her translation of Schiller's History of the Thirty Years' War, obtained the high approbation of the French Academy.—J. F. C.
CARLSON, Gustav, born in 1647, was a natural son of Charles X., king of Sweden; his mother was Brita Allertz. After the death of his father in 1660, the queen-dowager, Hederig Eleanora, took charge of his education. The estates of Byringe and the convent of Lindholm in Skaane were settled upon him, and from the year 1658 to 1668, he travelled under the care of Count Lindsköld through the greater part of Europe; after which he entered the French army, and served in the war between France, England, and Holland. In 1673 he was elevated to the rank of count and "friherre" of the before-mentioned estates in Skaane. During the war in Germany under Charles XI., he became prisoner in Brandenburg. On the conclusion of peace he returned to Sweden, but shortly afterwards, offended by his nonrecognition by the royal family, left that country for ever, and entered the Dutch service as lieutenant-general, in which capacity he was employed by our William III. in his Irish campaign. After this he lived the remainder of his days in tranquillity in Holland, and died, without descendants, 1708. Carlson was a lover of learning and science, and left behind him a valuable library.—M. H.
CARLYLE, Alexander, D.D., a well-known Scotch divine, was born in 1721, and in 1747 became minister of Inveresk, near Edinburgh. He was a very zealous moderate, and strenuously supported those ecclesiastical measures with which the name of Principal Robertson is identified. Though he published little or nothing himself. Dr. Carlyle was the intimate friend and counsellor of David Hume, Hugh Blair, Adam Smith, John Home, and other illustrious writers who at that period flourished in Edinburgh. When the tragedy of Douglas was privately rehearsed, Carlyle enacted the part of Old Norval, and afterwards attended its first representation at the theatre. He was rebuked by the ecclesiastical courts, both for this offence and for the publication of some satirical jeux-d'esprit reflecting on his brethren for their proceedings in regard to this affair. The personal appearance of Dr. Carlyle was exceedingly imposing, and he obtained the nickname of Jupiter Carlyle, from the resemblance which his noble countenance bore to the Jupiter Tonans in the Capitol. The world is indebted to him for the preservation of Collins' beautiful ode on the Superstitions of the Highlands. Dr. Carlyle died August 25, 1805, in the eighty-fourth year of his age. His valuable and deeply interesting memoirs of his own time which he left behind him were not published until 1860.—J. T.
CARLYLE, Joseph Dacre, celebrated as an Arabic scholar, was born at Carlisle in 1759. He was a student of Christ's college, Cambridge, where he took his master's degree in 1783. While resident at the university he studied Arabic with the assistance of David Zamio, a native of Bagdad. On the resignation of Dr. Paley, he became chancellor of the diocese of Carlisle, and in 1794 was elected professor of Arabic in Cambridge. Having been in 1799 appointed chaplain to Lord Elgin's embassy to Constantinople, he had an opportunity of visiting the libraries of that city, and of travelling through the countries of Asia Minor, as well as through Italy, Tyrol, and part of Germany. He returned to England in 1801, and was presented to the living of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. He published—"Rerum Ægyptiacarum Annales, ab anno Christi 971 usque ad annum 1453," in Arabic and Latin, 1792; and "Specimens of Arabic Poetry from the earliest time to the extinction of the Khalifs, with some account of the Authors." After the author's death appeared his "Poems, suggested chiefly by scenes in Asia Minor, Syria, and Greece," 1805. Mr. Carlyle was engaged in preparing a correct edition of the Arabic Bible, and a very complete edition of the Greek New Testament, when he died in 1805.—J. B.
* CARLYLE, Thomas, was born at his father's farm, near Ecclefechan in Dumfriesshire in 1795; and after some years of training in his own parish, went to the grammar-school of Annan to prepare for a course at the university. He became a student at Edinburgh in 1809, and remained there during seven sessions. Not much is known of his college life: we may infer from the hints we have, that he lived mainly with his own thoughts, and owed comparatively little to the system under which he was reared. Yet he distinguished himself as a pupil of Leslie, in the pursuit of mathematics. For some years after leaving the university, he was engaged as a teacher of this science at a school in Fifeshire, and in 1823 he became tutor to the late Mr. Buller. Carlyle had been originally destined for the Scottish ministry; but during his course of study his views regarding the church had become modified, and his thoughts were already turning towards a literary life. He commenced his career as a writer, by the contribution of articles to Brewster's Edinburgh Cyclopædia on Montesquieu, Montaigne, Nelson, and the two Pitts; articles not republished in his collected works. About this time he translated Legendre, and prefixed to his translation an original essay "On Proportion." The first part of his "Life of Schiller" appeared in the London Magazine in 1823; it was completed in the following year, and published in 1825 in a separate form. Among other encouraging signs, a German version of this biography was introduced by a favourable preface from Goethe himself, whose works had already begun to exercise a paramount influence over the mind of the rising author. Carlyle's translation of Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship was published in 1824. It was attacked in the London Magazine by a celebrated writer, who has made himself, on various occasions, notorious for the injustice of his criticism; but, on the whole, it met with a cordial reception. Even Jeffrey, in his absurd review of the book itself, speaks in high terms of t he talent and skill displayed by the translator. The "Wanderyahre," which now composes the third volume of the English edition of Meister, first appeared as the last of four volumes or
