and Méhul, as professor of composition in the conservatoire, and he relinquished this appointment four years later, when the great political changes in the country removed his friend and patron Sarette from a share in the direction of the institution, after which nothing could induce him to resume it. The honours of membership of the Institute, and chevalier of the legion of honour, which he received in 1815 and 1824, were conferred upon him entirely without his seeking, becoming thus the greater testimonies to his merit. His personal character was so highly and so generally esteemed, that his obsequies were attended, not only by the chief musicians at Paris, but by a multitude of persons of all classes and callings.—G. A. M.
CATELAN, Laurent, a French pharmaceutist, lived at the beginning of the seventeenth century. He devoted his attention to the composition of various medicaments—among others, of the famous confection called theriacum, concerning which he wrote a treatise, which was published at Montpellier in 1614 and 1626. He also wrote an essay on the mandrake, which was published in Paris in 1639.—J. H. B.
CATELLAN-AUMONT, Jean Antoine, Marquis de, a French statesman, born in 1759. Throughout the stormy period of the first revolution, the empire, and the revolution of 1830, he showed himself a moderate royalist and friend of the constitution. His reports on various legal and constitutional questions are valuable. He was elevated to the chamber of peers in 1819, and died in 1834.—J. T.
CATESBY, Mark, an English naturalist, was born about the end of 1679 or the beginning of 1680, and died in London on 23d December, 1749. He had an early propensity to the study of nature; and in order to gratify his taste in that respect he repaired to London, and afterwards to distant parts of the globe. The residence of some relations in Virginia induced him to visit that country in 1712. He remained there seven years, making a large natural history collection, with which he returned to Britain in 1719. During his residence abroad he sent seeds and plants, both dried and in a growing state, to Mr. Dale of Braintree in Essex. On his return to Britain he secured the friendship of Sir Hans Sloane, Dr. Sherard, and other naturalists, and they induced him to pay a second visit to America. Accordingly, in 1722 he went to Carolina. He examined the lower parts of the country, making excursions from Charleston, and afterwards sojourned for some time among the Indians near Fort Moore. He then travelled through Georgia and Florida, and having spent nearly three years on the continent, he visited the Bahama Islands, taking up his residence in the Isle of Providence. In 1726 he came back to England, and employed himself in preparing an account of his travels, which was published in parts, from 1730 to 1748, and was illustrated by etchings made by himself. The whole work is comprised in two volumes folio, and is entitled "The Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands; containing the figures of birds, beasts, fishes, serpents, insects, and plants; particularly the forest trees, shrubs, and plants, neither hitherto described or very accurately figured by authors; together with their description in French and English." He also added observations on climate and agriculture. The subjects described and figured are—plants, 171; quadrupeds, 9; birds, 111; amphibia, 33; fishes, 46; insects, 31. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of London after his second return from America. Besides his large work already referred to, he published "Hortus Britanno-Americanus; or a collection of trees and shrubs of North America, adapted for the soil and climate of England;" and "Hortus Europæo-Americanus; or a collection of 85 common North American trees and shrubs, adapted for the climate of most parts of Europe." He was the author of a paper printed in the forty-fourth volume of the Philosophical Transactions, "On Birds of Passage." His name is recorded by Gronovius in the genus of plants called Catesbæa, one of the natural family Rubiaceæ.—J. H. B.
CATHALA-COTURE, Antoine de, born at Montauban in 1632. Having distinguished himself as an advocate at the bar, as well as by his active benevolence, he dignified his retirement by taking for the subject of his studies the antiquities of his native province of Quercy, the result of which he gave in a published history. He also wrote poems. He died in 1724.—J. F. C.
CATHALAN, Jacques, a celebrated French orator, a member of the order of jesuits, born in 1671; died in 1757. His order signified their admiration of his talents by appointing him to pronounce the funeral oration over most of the royal personages who died in his time.
CATHARINUS, Ambrose, an Italian bishop and voluminous author, born at Sienna in 1483. His original name was Lancelot Politi. He joined the Dominicans in 1515, and having acquired celebrity by his writings, he was sent to the council of Trent in 1545, where he distinguished himself by his ability and learning. He was made bishop of Minori in 1547, and archbishop of Conza in the kingdom of Naples in 1551. He died in 1553. Catharinus was, undoubtedly, a man of great natural abilities, acuteness, and learning. He was the author of two works against Luther, of the "Mirror of Heretics," and of a vast number of theological and polemical treatises of a similar kind. He was the first who defended the dogma that the sacraments are valid, if properly administered, even though the officiating priest should be an unbeliever.—J. T.
CATHCART, a noble Scottish family, which for several centuries has been distinguished for the high military talents of its members. Barbour, speaking of a singularly daring and successful exploit performed by Edward Bruce in 1308, says, the particulars were recounted to him by Sir Alan de Cathcart, who was present—a knight
" Worthy and wycht, stalwart and stout.
Courteous and fayr, and of goode fame."
Lord Hailes observes, in reference to these lines, that it is pleasant to have a family likeness in an ancient picture. Alan master of Cathcart, fell at Flodden, and his son at Pinkie. Charles, eighth Lord Cathcart, a distinguished military officer, was present at the battle of Sheriffmuir, filled several high offices in the court of George II., and ultimately was appointed in 1740 commander-in-chief of all the British forces in America, but died at sea a few months after.—His son, Charles, ninth baron, also attained the rank of general, and served as aid-de-camp to the duke of Cumberland at Fontenoy. His son—
Cathcart, William Schaw, tenth baron and first earl of Cathcart, born in 1756, adopted, like his ancestors, the profession of arms. He entered the army in 1777, and served with great distinction throughout the American war. On his return he was elected one of the representatives of the Scottish peerage, and for four years filled the office of chairman of the committees of the house of lords. He served under Sir David Dundas in the unfortunate campaign in Holland in 1795. In 1803 he was appointed commander-in-chief of the forces in Ireland. In 1805 he was nominated ambassador-extraordinary to the court of St. Petersburg, and commanded the British contingent in the allied army. After the disastrous battle of Austerlitz he returned home, and was appointed commander of the forces in Scotland. In 1807 the British government having resolved to send an expedition to the Baltic for the purpose of seizing the Danish fleet, the command was intrusted to Lord Cathcart. He was completely successful, and as a reward for his services was raised to the British peerage, and received the thanks of both houses of parliament. In 1813 he was again sent on an important mission to St. Petersburg, and was present with the allied army during the whole of their campaign in Germany. In 1814 he was advanced to the dignity of an earl, and died June 6, 1843, in the eighty-seventh year of his age. His eldest son, a lieutenant-general in the army, succeeded him as commander of the forces in Scotland, &c.
Cathcart, Sir George, K.C.B., third son of the first earl of Cathcart, a distinguished British general, was born 12th May, 1794, and fell at Inkermann, November 5th, 1854. He was educated first at Eton, and afterwards at the university of Edinburgh. The military profession having become almost hereditary in his family. Sir George entered the army in 1810, and in 1812 accompanied his father as aid-de-camp, when the earl was sent as plenipotentiary to Russia. At the time of his arrival at St. Petersburg the French were in possession of Moscow, and shortly after, the Emperor Alexander having taken the field in person. Lord Cathcart and his son joined the imperial headquarters, and remained with the grand allied army throughout the whole of the eventful campaigns of 1813-14 in Germany, and 1814 in France. Sir George had thus the opportunity of witnessing the great battles of Lutzen, Bautzen, Dresden, Leipzig, and the other sanguinary conflicts of that momentous period. He published in 1850 a valuable volume of Commentaries upon these campaigns, in which he gives a clear and soldier-like narrative of the operations of the hostile armies, and by the aid of diagrams and charts, enables even the unprofessional reader to
