understand the plan of the campaigns and battles, and the strategic errors into which the commanders on both sides fell. In 1814 he accompanied his father to the congress of Vienna. On the return of Napoleon from Elba, Sir George was appointed extra aid-de-camp to the duke of Wellington, and was present at the battles of Quatre Bras and Waterloo. He held the post of aid-de-camp to the duke for twelve years, and subsequently served for about seven years with his regiment in Nova Scotia, Bermuda, and Jamaica. When the outbreak took place in Canada in 1837, Sir George did excellent service in protecting the frontier of Lower Canada from the inroads of American sympathizers, and contributed greatly to restore tranquillity in the disturbed districts. In 1852 he was appointed governor and commander-in-chief at the Cape, and in that capacity brought the Caffre war to a satisfactory conclusion. On his return to England in 1854 he was despatched with all speed to the Crimea, as commander of the fourth division of the British forces before Sebastopol, and after his arrival was appointed adjutant-general of the army. High expectations were formed of the services of an officer, who with long experience and a decided genius for war, still combined all the activity and endurance of youth; and many looked forward to him as the future commander-in-chief of the British army. But these hopes were frustrated by his untimely death in the battle of Inkermann, while cheering on the guards in their desperate struggle against the overwhelming masses of the Russians. Sir George was buried along with Generals Strangways and Goldie, and eleven other officers, on the hill which now bears his name.—J. T.
CATHELINEAU, Jacques, commander-in-chief of the army of La Vendée, and one of the noblest specimens of a peasant soldier the world has ever seen, was born at Pin in 1759, and followed the trade of a hawker of woollen goods. He was a man of great intelligence and piety, and was held in such high estimation in the district, that he was called the "Saint of Anjou." As soon as Jacques heard of the breaking out of the royalist insurrection in La Vendée in 1793, he resolved on leaving his wife and family, and putting himself at its head. With a small band of trusty followers, he attacked and captured the chateau of Jallais, garrisoned by 150 soldiers, and thus obtained a supply of arms and ammunition. In a few days he was joined by two other peasant leaders, named Stofflet and Forêt. With their combined forces they attacked and carried the town of Chollet, and immediately after dispersed a body of national guards at Vihiers. The whole district was now in a state of great excitement, and several other armies of insurgents took the field, under different officers. A powerful force under General Berenger, who had been sent down by the convention to suppress the insurrection, was defeated by the peasants at Cherviile, 11th April, after a desperate struggle. Proceeding in their enterprise, the insurgents, though occasionally worsted by the regular troops, succeeded in expelling the enemy from Brassure, Thouars, and Saumur; and their numbers, having now greatly augmented, they found it necessary, about the middle of June, to appoint a commander-in-chief, and Cathelineau, who had shown himself possessed of military genius of a very high order, was unanimously elected by the other leaders. But the noble peasant commander did not long discharge the arduous duties of his office. On the 29th of June he was mortally wounded in heading a desperate attack upon the town of Nantes, and died in a few hours. Three of his brothers perished in the first Vendean war, along with upwards of thirty of their near relatives. One of his sons lost his life in the attempt which the duchess de Berri made to raise the inhabitants of La Vendee in favour of her son in 1832.—J. T.
CATHELINIÈRE, Ripault de la, one of the royalist chiefs in the insurrection in La Vendée. He sometimes co-operated with Charette, at other times held an independent command, and showed great courage and energy in carrying on the unequal struggle against the government. He was severely wounded by a musket-shot in February, 1794, shortly after fell into the hands of his enemies, and was tried and executed at Nantes.—J. T.
CATHELINOT, Don Ildefonse, a learned Benedictine, who wrote, under the direction of Calmet, a great number of historical, philological, and theological works, and contributed the supplement to Calmet's Dictionary of the Bible; born in 1670; died in 1756.
CATHERINE I., Empress of Russia, was a Livonian peasant girl, born in 1687. The most contradictory accounts have been given of her parentage, some alleging that she was the natural daughter of a country girl, others that she was the legitimate daughter of John Rebe, the quartermaster of a Swedish regiment at Afsborg. Be this as it may, it is certain that she was, at an early age, left an orphan, in such destitute circumstances that the parish clerk of the village took pity on her and received her into his house. Soon after, Ernest Gluck, protestant minister of Marienburg, took her into his family and employed her in taking care of his children. In 1701 she married a dragoon of the Swedish regiment of Marienburg, who was immediately after sent with a detachment to Riga, and she never saw him more. When Marienburg was captured by the Russians, Catherine was taken prisoner and conveyed to Moscow, where she fell into the hands of General Bauer. She superintended his domestic affairs for some time, and was believed to be his mistress. She next passed into the family of Prince Menchtchikof, and lived with him till 1704, when the Czar Peter saw her and fell in love with her. She inspired him with so strong an affection that, after she had lived with him for several years, he married her privately at Yaverhof, near Warsaw, 29th May, 1711, and the ceremony was publicly performed with great pomp at St. Petersburg on the 20th of February, 1712. The original name of the new empress was Martha, which she changed for Catherine when she embraced the Greek religion. After her marriage she accompanied her husband in his campaign against the Turks in 1711, and when his army was surrounded on the Pruth by a vastly superior force of the enemy, Catherine succeeded in bribing and persuading the grand vizier into a negotiation, by which the Russians were permitted to retire, and peace was restored on terms by no means so disadvantageous as might have been expected. On the death of Peter, 28th January, 1725—the imperial guards having been previously gained over—the senate and nobility were induced by Menchtchikof, who declared that such was the wish of the czar, to proclaim Catherine his successor. She was, however, extremely averse to business, and having neither inclination nor abilities for government, left the entire management of the affairs of the empire in the hands of the man who had been the means of raising her to the throne. She was intemperate in her habits, and careless of her health, so that her reign lasted only about two years. She died 17th May, 1727, in the fortieth year of her age. She bore a numerous family of daughters to the czar, but only three of them survived their father.—J. T.
CATHERINE II., Empress of Russia, whose original name was Sophia Augusta Frederica, was born in 1729, and was the daughter of Christian Augustus, prince of Anhalt-Zerbst in Upper Saxony, and governor of Stettin. When only fourteen years of age she was selected by the Empress Elizabeth of Russia to be the wife of her nephew, Charles Frederick, duke of Holstein-Gottorp, whom she had designated as her successor. The unhappy union was celebrated at St. Petersburg in 1745; the ill-assorted couple having been previously received into the communion of the Greek church, when the duke took the name of Peter, and his consort that of Catherine Alexiowna. After the celebration of the marriage, they were formally acknowledged by the czarina and the senate as grand duke and duchess of Russia. Disagreements soon took place between them. Peter was disfigured by the small-pox, was vulgar in his manners, intemperate, irresolute, and foolish, although not without some good and even noble qualities; and almost from the outset was an object of contempt to his clever, cunning, and ambitious wife. He spent his time in military exhibitions, in training dogs and arranging puppets, in the pleasures of the table and the company of his mistress, and seldom saw Catherine except in public. She, on the other hand, lived in retirement, cultivating her mind by means of books. She acquired a thorough knowledge of the Russian language, professed great attachment to her new faith, was exceedingly affable in her intercourse with the people, and affected a decided predilection for Russian manners and customs. The life of the Russian court at this period, as depicted in Catherine's autobiography, was peculiarly dismal. "Its formality was oppressive, its espionage was frightful. Universal selfishness, universal suspicion, universal plotting and counter-plotting, were the order of the day, and there was nothing but intrigue and drink to relieve the stately tedium of daily duties." For several years after her marriage the conduct of Catherine was irreproachable, and presented a marked contrast to the gross debauchery of her husband, and of the Russian nobility. But the corrupt atmosphere of the court in time exercised an injurious influence upon her char-
