1084 he received Saint Bruno and his companions, and fixed them in the Grande Chartreuse. He died in 1132. He is considered to be the author of a cartulary, fragments of which are in Mabillon's posthumous works, and also in Allard's Memoirs of Dauphiny.—W. J. P.
HUGH of Amiens, Archbishop of Rouen. In 1125 he was prior of St. Martial of Limoges, and soon after prior of St. Pancras at Lewes in Sussex. Somewhat later Henry I. appointed him abbot of Reading in Berkshire. Hugh was elected archbishop of Rouen in 1130. The next year he went to the council of Rheims. Hugh undertook to lay some new restrictions upon the Norman abbots, whose cause the king of England espoused. A subsequent quarrel With Henry rendered his retirement into Italy a matter of prudence, but on the king's death he returned and carried on a vigorous administration till his death in 1164. He attended the coronation of Henry II. at Westminster in 1154. His writings are numerous and interesting.—B. H. C.
HUGH (Saint) of Cluny, born in 1024. In 1039 he entered the monastery of Cluny, of which he became abbot. He attended councils at Rheims, Mentz, and Rome. He won the confidence of popes and kings, who honoured him and consulted him on weighty questions. He died in 1109. His writings are few and unimportant.—B. H. C.
HUGH of Flavigny, born in 1065. His life appears to have been a chequered one, and the time and place of his death are uncertain. The only work by which he is known is his "Chronicon Verdunense," which has been highly commended for the history of the eleventh century especially. It was first published by Labbeus.—B. H. C.
HUGH of Fleury, or Floriacensis, or De Sancta Maria, a benedictine monk, who died about 1130. Of his life nothing is known, but he wrote some books which are still extant, as "Chronicon, libris sex," from Ninus to 840; also a treatise "De Potestate regali, et de sacerdotali dignitate, ad Henricum Angliæ regem," his chief production.—B. H. C.
HUGH of St. Cher, a dominican and cardinal of the Romish church, chiefly remembered as a theological writer, and the compiler of the first Concordance. He is supposed to have been born at St. Cher, near Vienne, in France, towards the close of the twelfth century. He studied at Paris, and in 1227 was chosen provincial of his order in France, and greatly promoted the extension of dominican principles in his native country. His activity and zeal led Innocent IV. to make him a cardinal in 1244. He was the first cardinal of his order, and had previously been elected archbishop of Lyons. At his elevation to the cardinalate the red hat was first conferred upon the holders of that dignity. Hugh was sent into Germany by the pope on a political mission, out of which he appears not to have come with very clean hands. Possibly he was a better student than politician. He wrote annotations upon the whole of the Bible; "An Exposition of the Book of Psalms;" "A Concordance to the Latin Scriptures," of which he is said to have invented the division into chapters; "A Commentary upon the Sentences of Peter Lombard;" to which must be added "Speculum Ecclesiæ," various tracts, sermons, &c. He died at Orvieto in March, 1264.—B. H. C.
HUGH of Saint Victor, or de Sancto Victore, a native of Ypres, died in 1141 at Paris. His life presents but few points of interest, but some of his works deserve a careful study. They prove him to have been in many respects far before his generation, and to have advanced principles which lay at the foundation of the Reformation movement. Some of them, it is true, do not bear this character; but the reader will find much besides to gratify him, whatever he may meet objectionable. They are very numerous and mostly short.—B. H. C.
HUGH CAPET. See Capet.
HUGHES, Griffith, an English naturalist, and friend of Stephen Hales. He was minister of Lucy's parish in Barbadoes, and published in 1750 a volume on the natural history of that island, illustrated with numerous plates.—G. BL.
HUGHES, John, an English poet and miscellaneous writer, was born at Marlborough, on 29th January, 1677, and educated in London. He displayed a taste for poetry, painting, and music at an early age; wrote a tragedy at nineteen; and made translations from Horace. Fortunately, he was not left to depend upon his abilities altogether, for he held a few public situations which afforded him a modest competency. In his twentieth year Hughes published a poem entitled "The Peace of Ryswick;" and two years after, "The Court of Neptune." Besides these he wrote odes and cantatas, translated from Latin, French, and Italian authors, acquired considerable reputation, and became intimate with Addison, Steele, and other celebrities of the day. As a prose writer, he contributed a couple of papers to the Tatler (one, "The Inventory of a Beau," has much caustic humour); as many to the Guardian; and about a dozen to the Spectator, which are excellent in point of style, and commendable—especially those on female education and manners—for their moral tone. His best composition is a drama, "The Siege of Damascus," which Warton pronounces to be superior to the Cato of Addison; and it is recorded that the latter asked Hughes to complete the last act of his tragedy for him. Neither Swift nor Pope appear to have thought highly of Hughes—the former ranking him among the "mediocribus," the latter admitting his want of genius. The dean, however, praises his musical talents. "I have heard Hughes sing at Percival's," he writes to the bishop of Ferns, "and have a good opinion of his judgment; so has Percival, who in these affairs is infallible." Hughes' health, never very robust, began to give way while preparing "The Siege of Damascus" for the stage, and he died on the day of its representation, February 17, 1719.—J. F. W.
HUGHES, John, Wesleyan minister and ecclesiastical antiquary, born in Wales in 1776, entered the Wesleyan ministry in 1796, and died in 1843. He was author of "Horæ Britannicæ," a valuable contribution to the early church history of our country, which received the approval of Dr. Burgess and other distinguished archæologists.—W. B. B.
* HUGHES, Thomas, social economist and creator of a new school of fiction, is the son of the late Mr. John Hughes, editor of the Boscobel Tracts, author of Provence and the Rhone, &c., and celebrated by Christopher North as "Bullar of Brazennose." Mr. Hughes is a barrister, and was educated at Rugby and Oxford. In 1857 appeared anonymously his first work, "Tom Brown's School-days," a fictitious delineation of school-life at Rugby under the regime of the late lamented Dr. Arnold. The work was immediately successful with a much higher class of readers than that to which the ordinary novel appeals, and it went with rapidity through several editions. One principal charm of the book lay in its truthful, genial, sympathetic description of life at a great English public school, and this alone would have bestowed on it a permanent value. The choice of a hero, too, was a happy one. Tom Brown is an average English boy, and Dr. Arnold's influence was thus exhibited in its effects, not so much on the gifted few, who must always be in a small minority, as on the average boys who form the mass of a public school. The philosophy of "Tom Brown's School-days," never obtrusive, was at once manly, healthy, and elevated; neither too realistic nor too spiritualized. "Tom Brown" was followed in 1858 by a Christmas volume, "The Scouring of the White Horse," with a basis in history remote and recent. The hero of the story is a London lawyer's clerk who spends his annual holiday on a visit to friends in Berkshire, and participates in the revived festivities, attending the "scouring of the white horse "—that is the clearing away of the turf which has encroached on the rude figure of a horse, some three hundred and seventy feet in length, cut in the north-west range of the downs which cross Berkshire, where the declivity is at once lofty and steep, and which is supposed to be a memorial of a victory gained by Alfred over the Danes. This Christmas book was full of charming description of rural scenery and character, and of the effects produced by them on the mind of one long in populous cities pent. When Macmillan's Magazine was commenced, Mr. Hughes began to contribute to it a continuation of his earliest work of note, "Tom Brown at Oxford," marked by the same fidelity and geniality of description, and the same philosophy at once elevated and indulgent, which had distinguished his delineation of his favourite hero at Rugby. Mr. Hughes has furnished prefaces to an English edition of Mr. James Russell Lowell's Biglow Papers, and to Gilbert Marlowe and other poems, a volume of verse by a young and self-educated house-painter. Of the working-classes he has always been a staunch friend. He was one of the founders, and is one of the principal promoters of the London Working Men's college. He co-operated with the christian socialists of several years ago, and has been active in contributing to the recent discussions on strikes the element of a new and bold social philosophy.—F. E.
HUGHES, Thomas Smart, was educated at Cambridge,
