the 8th February, 1630. His father had been a Calvinist, but was converted by the jesuits. Originally intended for the study of the law, Huet's literary and philosophical interest was first excited by the perusal of the Principles of Descartes, and Bochart's Sacred Geography. In 1652 he accompanied Bochart to Sweden, and there, like so many other savans of the time, he was nearly tempted to settle by the offers of Queen Christina. However, he refused the inducements made to him, and returned to France about the year 1670. He received in this year the appointment of tutor to the dauphin, and in this capacity was the chief editor of the famous edition of the classics in usum Delphini. He spent twenty years on this work. In 1674 he was admitted a member of the French Academy, in 1676 he took sacred orders; two years later he was appointed to the abbey of Aulnay; and in 1679 he published his "Demonstratio Evangelica." In 1685 he was raised to the episcopal see of Avranches; but he resigned this dignity in 1699 for the more congenial post of the abbey of Fontenay, near the gates of Caen, where he could devote himself with less intermission to his studies. During the latter period of his life he lived chiefly in Paris, in the establishment of the jesuits. He died in 1721. Huet was an amiable and ingenious man, a thorough student and scholar—more devoted to books than to action in any form. A dignitary in the church, he was more of a litterateur than a theologian, although it was the aim of his first and one of his most important works, the "Demonstratio Evangelica," to defend the christian religion from the attacks of infidelity. Two passions, it has been said, swayed his life—enthusiasm for study, and hatred of Descartes. His love of letters was so ardent as to lead him to neglect altogether his episcopal duties; and the story is that his flock, feeling themselves neglected, threatened to ask from the king a bishop who had completed his studies. At first an admirer and follower of Descartes, he gradually contracted an intense dislike to the Cartesian dogmatism. Abandoning one phase of positive philosophical opinion after another, he at length espoused a species of Pyrrhonism—the extreme reaction from the Cartesian philosophy. As a speculative philosopher he was clever, restless, and negative, rather than profound, patient, and constructive.—T.
HUFELAND, Christoph Wilhelm, was born August 12, 1762. He studied at Jena and Göttingen, and was appointed in 1793 to a professorship at Jena, which he exchanged for one at Berlin in 1798. The king of Prussia made him his private physician. When the university of Berlin was founded, he became a professor there in 1809, and continued such till his death in 1836. Hufeland's reputation as a practitioner, a professor, and a writer, was very great. Several of his works have been reprinted, and some of them translated. They treat of a great variety of subjects of interest to the medical profession. His first book, published in 1789 at Leipsic, was upon the small-pox. He wrote "Journals of French Medical Science from 1794 to 1800;" on "Uncertain Symptoms of Death, the only means of proving its reality, and how to make it impossible to inter persons alive;" "On the Health of Children;" "Popular Dissertations on the Presentation of Health," &c.; "On the Origin, Symptoms, and Treatment of Scrofula;" and "Makro-biotik, or art of prolonging human life," which has been translated into all European languages. He founded the Journal der praktischen Heilkunde, which still continues.—B. H. C.
HUG, Johann Leonhard, was born in Constance, 1st June, 1765, and was educated in the lyceum of that city and at the university of Freiburg. Possessed of uncommon talents, and an enthusiastic student, he made rapid progress in the classical and oriental languages, and in historical and archæological studies. In 1789 he took orders, and was invited by several of the neighbouring convents to become teacher of theology to their young monks; but he preferred to settle as parish priest for a time at Reuthe in the neighbourhood of Freiburg, and to wait for a vacancy in one of the theological chairs of the university. He had not to wait long. In 1791 a vacancy occurred, and he was appointed professor of oriental languages and of the criticism of the Old and New Testament. He immediately took position as one of the principal ornaments of the university, and he continued to be so with ever increasing reputation for half a century. He had numerous invitations to remove to other universities—to Breslau, to Bonn, to Tübingen; but his attachment to Freiburg could never be overcome, and he continued to labour there till his death, which took place 11th March, 1846. In 1827 he was made a canon of the cathedral of Freiburg; and in the following year he commenced a diocesan theological journal, which was carried on till 1834, and of which he wrote the greater part himself In 1838 he undertook the ephorate of the lyceum, and in 1843 he was elected dean of the cathedral chapter. Several of his most important contributions to sound biblical science first appeared in the pages of the journal just mentioned. He was a steady opponent of the rationalistic school of criticism and exegesis, and one of the ablest and most successful contributors to its decline and downfall. His critiques upon Paulus' Life of Jesus, and upon Strauss' celebrated work on the same subject, were of great value and weight. The latter was published separately in two parts in 1841 and 1842. Among his earlier pieces were the following—"De Antiquitate Codicis Vaticani Commentatio," 1810; "De Pentateuchi Versione Alexandrina Commentatio," 1818; "Untersuchungen über den Mythus der alten Welt," 1812; "Die Erfindung der Buchstabenschrift," &c., 1801. But his greatest work was his "Introduction to the New Testament," of which four editions appeared in 1808-21-26-47. The last was posthumous, but had been carefully revised by him for the press. In the preparation of this truly learned and original work, he undertook an extensive examination of MSS. in the libraries of Munich, Vienna, Paris, Florence, Naples, and Rome; and in the successive editions he kept steadily in view the new phases of that destructive criticism which it was the main end of his valuable and memorable labours to check and overcome. Translations of the work were brought out in France, England, and America, and it has long been in the hands of every biblical scholar. The Tübingen school of criticism has never answered it, and has been justly reproached with a consciousness of weakness in ignoring an opponent so worthy of its steel.—P. L.
* HÜGEL, Karl Alexander Anselm, Baron von, a celebrated German traveller, was born at Regensburg, 25th April, 1796. He studied law at Heidelberg, but soon after entered the Austrian army, and served in the wars against France in 1815, and Naples in 1821. From 1824 he lived in retirement at Hietzing, near Vienna, where he devoted all his time to the study of natural history and horticulture. In 1831 he undertook a scientific journey to Greece, Egypt, Asia Minor, India, the Indian Archipelago, and Australia, whence, by way of India and the Cape, after an absence of six years, he returned to Europe. He then published his works on "Kashmere and the Empire of the Sikhs," 4 vols., and on the "Basin of Kabul," 2 vols. His rich collections were purchased for the Imperial museum, and portions of them have been described by Endlicher (the Plants of the Swan River) and Heckel (Fishes from Kashmere). Baron Hügel also originated the Austrian Horticultural Society, and was elected its president. In 1850 he was appointed ambassador from the king of Wurtemburg at Berlin.—K. E.
HUGH the Great, Count of Paris and Duke of France, was the father of Hugh Capet. His own father, Robert, disputed the crown with Charles III., and was slain at the battle of Soissons in 923. Hugh renewed the battle, rallied his troops, and put Charles to flight. Declining the crown himself, he placed it in 936 on the head of Louis d'Outre-Mer, Charles III.'s only son. Meanwhile he aggrandized his already vast possessions, and disdaining the mere title of a king, enjoyed all the substantial power of one. Louis, however, grew impatient of his tutelage, and hostilities soon broke out between the king and his most powerful vassals. Hugh strengthened himself by marrying the sister of Otho, king of Germany; and then with German aid, and also with that of the duke of Vermandois, drove Louis beyond the Loire. A general peace was concluded in 942, and Hugh afterwards joined Louis in an attempt to partition Normandy. Mutual exhaustion led to another peace in 950, four years after which Louis died. Hugh allowed Lothaire, the son of the deceased monarch, to succeed him; obtaining for himself the investiture of the duchy of Aquitaine. Hugh, who owed his surname rather to the extent of his domains than to any grandeur in his deeds, died in 956.—W. J. P.
HUGH (Saint), Bishop of Grenoble, was born near Valence in 1053, the son of a pious nobleman, who early destined him to an ecclesiastical career. He was consecrated bishop of Grenoble in 1080 by Gregory VII. Growing weary of the troubles of his time, he retired to the monastery of la Chaise-Dieu; but the pope, who knew his value, recalled him to his work. In
