agent and at their expense. He accepted this offer, and returned to France. The scene of his travels being left to his own choice, he selected Hindostan, and reached Calcutta in May, 1829. After visiting many of the chief Indian cities, he commenced the exploration of the Himalayan mountains, especially on the side that slopes towards Thibet. He managed to remain in Chinese Tartary long enough to form a valuable collection. On his return to Simlah in 1830, he found a letter from the French general, Allard, then commanding the armies of Runjeet Singh, inviting him to Lahore. Lord William Bentinck, then governor-general, also gave him letters of recommendation to the Sikh ruler, who received him in the friendliest manner, and is even reported to have offered him the vice-royalty of Cashmere. Jacquemont, however, returned to Delhi, and was soon afterwards attacked by cholera whilst at Poonah. Recovering, he proceeded to Bombay; but his health was hopelessly shattered, and on the 7th December, 1832, he expired. The English government gave him a splendid funeral, and placed all his valuable scientific possessions at the disposal of the French consul. The complete journal of his travels was subsequently published under the auspices of M. Guizot; and two volumes have also appeared containing his correspondence.—W. J. P
JACQUES, Matthieu Joseph, a prolific French writer on theology, grammar, history, and mathematics, was born in 1736, and died in 1821. Jacques took orders, but devoted his life to teaching. He was professor at Besançon and Lyons. In 1791 he retired to Switzerland, but returned to France in 1801. He wrote his works at intervals during a period of forty years.
JACQUET, Eugene Vincent Stanislas, a learned Belgian Orientalist, born at Brussels in 1811; died at Paris in 1838. Studying in the college of France under De Sacy and other great linguists, he speedily attracted their attention and esteem. His contributions to the Journal Asiatique indicating an extraordinary acquaintance with philology made his early death regretted by all cultivators of that department of letters.
JACQUET, Louis, a French ecclesiastic, born at Lyons in 1732, and died in 1794. He obtained some celebrity as the author of a "Parallel between the Greek and French Tragic Writers," but was chiefly distinguished as a successful writer of prize essays in the style of Rousseau.—G. BL.
JACQUIER, François, an eminent mathematician, was born at Vitri-le-Français on the 7th of June, 1711, entered the order of minorite friars, was appointed in 1746 professor of physics, and in 1773 professor of mathematics in the Collegio Romano, and died at Rome on the 3rd of July, 1788. He edited, along with Thomas le Sueur, a highly-esteemed edition of Newton's Principia, first published in 1739. It is noteworthy that these editors, while giving the text of Newton with fidelity and completeness, and adding notes which show them to have thoroughly appreciated and understood it, found it necessary to prefix to the third book of the Principia, which treats of the actual motions of the heavenly bodies, the following declaration of their respect for the papal decrees against the motion of the earth:—"Newtonus in hoc tertio libro telluris motæ hypothesin assumit. Auctoris propositiones aliter esplicari non poterant, nisi eâdem quoque factâ hypothesi. Hinc alienam coacti sumus gerere personam. Cæterum latis a summis pontificibus contra telluris motum decretis nos obsequi profitemur."—W. J. M. R.
JACQUIN, Joseph Franz, a distinguished German botanist, was the son of the famous traveller and botanist, Nicolas Joseph Jacquin. He was born in 1766, and died at Vienna on 10th December, 1839. He was professor of botany and chemistry, and director of the imperial botanic garden at Vienna, to which appointment he succeeded on the resignation of his father. He was an Austrian baron. He was distinguished for his urbanity and kindness, especially to strangers. He was the author of "Eclogæ plantarum rariorum aut minus cognitarum"—a fine work containing descriptions and coloured figures of the new and rare plants which flowered in the Vienna garden. He also published descriptions of grasses, with coloured figures; a synopsis of stapelias; and a work on birds.—J. H. B.
JACQUIN, Nicolas Joseph, a celebrated Dutch botanist, was born at Leyden on 16th February, 1727, and died at Vienna on 24th October, 1811. He was descended from a French family. He prosecuted his studies at Antwerp, Leyden, Paris, and Vienna. He devoted his attention specially to botany. He was sent by the emperor of Austria to explore part of South America; this expedition lasted for four years, from the beginning of 1755 to 1758. He brought back a large collection of plants, as well as other objects of natural history, and some ethnographic curiosities. He enriched the royal garden of Schönbrunn by the addition of many interesting plants. His American discoveries were published in 1760-63 under the title "Enumeratio systematica plantarum quas in insulis Caribæis vicinoque Americæ continente detexit," and "Selectarum stirpium Americanarum historia." In 1763 the Empress Maria Theresa appointed him professor of chemistry and mineralogy in the academy of Chemnitz, and he afterwards occupied the chair of botany and chemistry in the university of Vienna. His fame as a botanist extended, and he was elected a fellow of many scientific societies. The Emperor Francis II. created him a baron in 1806. He lived to the age of eighty four, and published a great number of valuable works, among which may be noted the following—"Enumeration of the plants found near Vienna and of those cultivated in the botanic garden;" "Flora Austriaca;" "Icones plantarum rariorum;" "Collectanea Botanica;" "Description of some of the rarer plants in the garden at Schönbrunn;" and monographs of the genera oxalis, stapelias, and asclepias, besides miscellaneous memoirs on botany, chemistry, and natural history.—J. H. B.
JADELOT, Nicolas, an eminent physician, born in 1738 at Pont-à-Mousson, where in 1763 he was appointed professor of anatomy and physiology; and when, in 1768, the university was removed to Nancy, he continued to discharge the same duties till his death in 1793. He published "Cours complet d'anatomie," 1773; "Physica hominis sani, sive explicatio functionum corporis humani," 1781; and various other works and memoirs on medical and anatomical subjects.—G. BL.
JAEGER, Johann Wolfgang, a learned Lutheran divine, born at Stuttgard in 1647, was educated at the college of his native city, and at the university of Tübingen. Ordained to the ministry in 1671, he accompanied the prince of Wirtemberg in 1676 in his travels in Switzerland and Italy. In 1680 he became professor of geography and the Latin classics at Stuttgard; in 1684, professor of moral philosophy at Tübingen; in 1688, professor of logic and metaphysics; in 1698, counsellor to the duke of Wirtemberg, superintendent-general and abbot of the convent of Maulbrunn; in 1699, consistorial counsellor and cathedral preacher; and in 1702, first professor of divinity, chancellor of the university and provost of the church at Tübingen. Of his numerous works the most important are "Historia Eccleciastica, cum Parallelismo Profanæ;" "Examen Theologiæ Mysticæ veteris et novæ in quo totus ejus processus et potissimum actus examinantur," "Theologia Naturalis;" "Observationes Theologicæ et Morales in Grotium De Jure Belli et Pacis."
JAGELLON, Grand-prince of Lithuania, and afterwards King of Poland, born in 1354; died in 1434. Called to the throne of his father Olgerd in 1377, his first care was to rebuild and fortify his capital, and Wilna soon acquired importance. In 1386 he embraced the catholic faith, having been previously a pagan, and zealously entered on the destruction of the idolatry that still prevailed in his states. The kingdom of Poland he acquired by marriage with the young queen, and on two occasions, 1402 and 1420, was offered the crown of Bohemia by the Hussites. His first wife, Hedviga, died in 1399; and in 1415 he married Anne, niece of the great Casimir. His third wife was Elizabeth of Pilcza, and his fourth, Sophia of Kiovia, by whom he had two sons, whose descendants afterwards occupied the throne of Poland.—P. E. D.
JAGEMANN, Christian Joseph, was librarian to the duchess of Weimar, and died in 1804. He published a "Description of Tuscany;" "A History of the Arts and Sciences in Italy;" "A Life of Galileo;" and an Italian Grammar.—W. J. P.
JAGO, Richard, was born on the 1st October, 1715, at Beaudesart in Warwickshire, of which his father was rector. After his education at Solehall, where he formed a life-long friendship with Shenstone, he entered at University college, Oxford; and having taken the degree of M. A. he obtained holy orders, and was successively located at Stratford-upon-Avon, Snitterfield, and Kimcote. In Snitterfield, however, he principally resided till his death, on the 8th May, 1781, and here he composed his poems. Those best known are "Edge Hill," published in 1767; and "Labour and Genius," a fable, in 1768. His works are not without merit, and have tenderness and feeling; and he had the higher merit of being a faithful minister of the gospel. His life was written by Hylton.—J. F. W.
