both the condemnation of Nestorius, and his deposition from the metropolitan see of Constantinople. John, leaguing himself with other bishops, launched a counter-sentence of deposition against Cyril; but the Emperor Theodosius, in spite of nil John's efforts and entreaties, supported the original decision of the council, and refused to reinstate Nestorius. John was bitterly enraged against Cyril, and an unedifying schism took place in the Eastern church. Ultimately, however, a reconciliation took place in 432; and it is stated that John, probably desirous of conciliating his old rival and new ally, outvied him in his bitterness against the unhappy Nestorius, who was banished to the Egyptian Oasis. In 438 John refused to condemn the doctrines of Theodore of Mopsuestia. His death occurred in 441 or 442. His writings were entirely polemical.—W. J. P.
JOHN, surnamed Antiochenus from his place of birth, and Scholasticus from the profession of an advocate which at one time he exercised in his native city, flourished in the sixth century. Late in life he entered holy orders, and in 565 was named patriarch of Constantinople. He died in 578. He published a collection of canons, in fifty titles, founded on a previous collection, which has been attributed in some MSS. to Stephanus Ephanius. This work was included by Justell and Voell in the second volume of the Bibliotheca Juris Canonici; it was long a text-book in the Eastern church, and was translated into the Syrian, Egyptian, Slavonic, and other tongues. A supplement was afterwards added to it.—W. J. P.
JOHN of Bayeux, a French prelate, flourished in the latter half of the eleventh century. The son of Raoul, count of Bayeux, he was marked out by his birth for high employment and position. In 1060 William the Bastard made him bishop of Avranches; ten years later he became archbishop of Rouen, on the refusal of Lanfranc to accept that dignity. His fierce and haughty temper, which he was unable either to control or to disguise, once occasioned a really formidable outbreak at Rouen. The people rose against him, and he was driven to take refuge behind a scaffolding in a corner of his church. Assistance came from the earl of Rouen, only just in time to save him from the fury of the mob. His latter years were passed in great physical suffering; at length paralysis struck him down so that he could not speak, and in 1079 he expired.—W. J. P.
JOHN I. of Cappadocia, was made patriarch of Constantinople in 517 or 518, shortly before the death of the aged Emperor Anastasius. In 519, at the urgent instance of the Emperor Justin, John sought a reconciliation with the Western church, from which that of the East had been divided during the previous reign. The reconciliation was only to be effected by the submission of the East to the West. John accepted all the conditions that were dictated to him by Pope Hormisdas, and consented to anathematize the opponents of the council of Chalcedon. On this he received a congratulatory epistle from Hormisdas, who further exhorted him to use all his influence in bringing back the patriarchs of Alexandria and Antioch to the bosom of the church. He died in 520. Only a few of his letters and papers are extant.—W. J. P.
JOHN II. of Cappadocia, surnamed the Faster, succeeded Eutychius as patriarch of Constantinople in 582, under the reign of Tiberius II. At a council held at Constantinople in 589, to examine certain charges brought against Gregory, patriarch of Antioch, John assumed (or rather re-assumed) the lofty title of Œcumenical Patriarch. Pope Pelagius II., on hearing of this, protested against it as an usurpation, and annulled all the acts of the council as informal. Gregory the Great, who succeeded Pelagius in 590, also protested, and wrote letters against John to the Emperor Maurice and to the patriarchs of Antioch and Alexandria. John, however, retained the title until his death about 596, and is still reverenced as a saint in the Greek church.—W. J. P.
JOHN CLIMACHUS was born about 525. He received the education of a scholar; but his inclination early led him to an ascetic life, and, after many years of privation and prayer, he was chosen abbot of the monastery on Mount Sinai, a post which he filled until he died, full of years and honours. His chief work was his "Scale of Paradise," which is divided into thirty chapters, and treats of the various means of obtaining perfection. It was long a favourite manual with the monks both of the Eastern and Western church. The best edition was published at Paris in 1633 by Matthæus Raderus, who added to it another work by John, the "Liber ad Pastorem."—W. J. P.
JOHN of Damascus. See Damascenus.
JOHN, surnamed De Dieu, was born at Monte Mayor el Novo in Portugal in 1495, the son of a poor man named Andrea Ciudad. Carried off from his family at a very early age by an unknown priest, who subsequently abandoned him, John was obliged to enter the service of a farmer in Castile. Tired of his menial occupation, he ran away, turned soldier, and led a wild and dissipated life. Several years had passed away, during which he had been successively a soldier, a steward, and a servant, when he was fortunate enough to hear at Grenada a sermon by the celebrated John of Avila. The words of the great preacher went home to his very heart of hearts. At first his repentance was marked only by a senseless asceticism, and by his self-infliction of physical pain; but ere long a nobler way of showing contrition for past sin dawned upon him, and he devoted himself thenceforth to the service of the poor. By his earnest appeals and his incessant labour, he was at last able to open a house for the reception of the indigent sick and suffering. John did not live to see the full fruition of his work, nor did he seek to bind his followers by any formal organization. His favourite words were, "Do good, only do good, my brothers;" and this simple exhortation bore noble fruit. He died at Grenada in 1550. Twenty years later, Pius V. imposed upon his disciples the rules of St. Augustin, requiring them also to take a fourth and special vow, by which they devoted themselves to the service of the sick. John was canonized by Alexander VIII. in 1690.—W. J. P.
JOHN of Gischala, son of Levi, one of the commanders in Jerusalem when it was taken by Titus in 70, was an inveterate enemy of the historian Josephus, who charges him with knavery, falsehood, cruelty, and avarice. He was first brought into notice by collecting around him a picked band of four hundred courageous but unprincipled men, with whom he committed many ravages in Galilee. Having offered to Josephus to repair the walls of his native city, Gischala, he was allowed to do so. From the richer citizens he obtained considerable sums of money, and by acquiring a monopoly of the sale of oil to the Jews of Syria he further increased his wealth. All the influence he had he used against Josephus, whom he attempted to assassinate, wishing to succeed him as governor of Galilee. Gischala having been besieged by Titus, John by a clever stratagem got a truce declared for the sabbath-day, and escaped by night to Jerusalem where he secretly joined the faction of the zealots, though openly professing to support the party of the high priest Ananus. By his falsehoods the zealots were induced to summon the Idumeans to their aid, who were guilty of disgraceful outrages after they came. On the taking of the city John retired for safety to a vault, from which he was driven by hunger. He was afterwards condemned to perpetual imprisonment.—D. W. R.
JOHN of Jerusalem, originally a monk, was chosen in 386 as bishop of Jerusalem, and the earlier years of his authority passed tranquilly enough. About 395, however, he was violently accused of Origenism by Epiphanius of Cyprus, who ere long received the weighty support of St. Jerome and the other solitaries of Bethlehem. An appeal to Theophilus, the patriarch of Alexandria, became necessary to allay these quarrels. It was not until 400 that the fierce and intolerant Jerome would hear of a reconciliation with John, who seems to have been a man of a forbearing and temperate spirit, the very mildness of which excited fanatics against him. John was subsequently accused of Pelagianism. Several works were ascribed to him by the Carmelites in the seventeenth century, but without sufficient authority.—W. J. P.
JOHN of Leyden. See Beccold, John.
JOHN of Matha, founder of the order of the Holy Trinity, was born in 1160 in Provence, and died at Rome in 1213. Entering holy orders, he resolved to devote himself to the charitable task of redeeming christian captives from slavery to the mussulmans. In this determination he was seconded by the hermit Felix of Valois; and when the two friends had fixed upon the rules and statutes of their order, Innocent III. gave them his solemn papal sanction and benediction. Their benevolent efforts were crowned with marked success. In 1679 John was canonized by Innocent XI.—W. J. P.
JOHN of Pisa, an Italian sculptor, architect, and engineer, flourished in the earlier part of the thirteenth century. Among his works are the Campo Santo at Pisa, the Castello dell' Uovo at Naples, and the monuments of several popes.—W. J. M. R.
