and even fierce in his political warfare; but he was vigorous, earnest, and candid, well informed and sagacious, and he possessed a sound intellect and no small amount of strong common sense. He indulged freely in satire, which he gave vent to both in conversation and in squibs and pamphlets; and it is recorded of him that on one occasion, when challenged, he took the field with a loaded blunderbuss to the astonishment and confusion of his adversary. "He is charged," says a candid annalist, "with a fierce animosity to the members of the Church of Rome, of which there appears no proof but the opposition which he gave to their claims in parliament; while the fact that he married a lady of that persuasion, and kept a chaplain in his own house for her, affords a very striking indication of unprejudiced temper, and of affections disengaged from such feelings."—J. F. W.
DUILIUS, Caius, a celebrated Roman admiral. He commanded the first fleet that the Romans ever fitted out, and sailed with it against the Carthaginians, 260 b.c. Aware of the superiority of the enemy in the art of managing their ships to advantage during an engagement, Duilius caused the Roman vessels to be fitted with grappling irons, by means of which they could force their opponents to come at once to close quarters, and to depend on personal courage alone for victory. The fleets met near the Liparian Islands, and after a severe struggle the Romans gained their first great naval victory. Duilius obtained a splendid triumph on his return, and other extraordinary privileges were conferred on him as rewards for his distinguished services. He spent the remainder of his life at Rome, highly esteemed by his fellow-citizens of every class.—W. M.
* DUJARDIN, Felix, a distinguished French naturalist. He was born at Tours on the 5th of April, 1801. From early life he was attached generally to natural history pursuits. In 1827 he was charged by the municipality of Tours to deliver lectures on geometry and chemistry applied to the arts. In 1833 he published a "Flora of Indre-et-Loire." In 1834 he came to Paris, where he was engaged by M. Dutrochet to assist him in some zoological researches. He visited the shores of the Mediterranean, and in 1835 published his researches upon the Rhizopoda, to which he was the first to refer the family of the Foraminifera. In 1841 he published the "Natural History of Infusorial Animalcules," in which he opposed many of the conclusions of the celebrated Ehrenberg. In 1843 he published a "Manual of the Microscope." He has been a most successful cultivator of this instrument, and has added largely to the store of facts which it reveals. In 1839 he was made professor of geology and mineralogy at Toulouse, but has since accepted the chair of zoology at Reims.—E. L.
DUKER, Karl Andreas, a celebrated Dutch philologist, born at Unna in 1670. He made his studies at Hamm in Westphalia, and at Franeker, under the tuition of the famed Jacob Perizonius, and in 1701 became professor of history at Herborn, from whence he removed in the same capacity to the university of Utrecht in 1816. In 1734 he resigned on account of ill health, and died on November 5, 1752, at Meyderich, near Duisburg on the Rhine, after having suffered from total blindness during the last years of his life. He is the author of some much-valued editions of the Greek and Roman classics; amongst others of Florus, published at Leyden in 1722, and in a second edition in 1742; of Thucydides, Amsterdam, 1744, folio; of Titus Livius, in Drakenborch's Collection, Amsterdam, 1738-46; and of Aristophanes, Amsterdam, 1747.—F. M.
DU LIS, Charles, born at Paris about 1560. His death occurred between 1631 and 1635. The family of the Maid of Orleans was ennobled, and bore the name of Du Lis or De Lys from the lily emblazoned in the arms then granted them. The monument erected to Jeanne Darc on the bridge of Orleans had been destroyed in 1570. On its restoration in 1575 a controversy respecting her arose, which led Charles, who claimed descent from one of her brothers, to come forward with family memorials and traditions. This introduced him favourably to the most distinguished literary men of France. Charles had been known as a practising avocat. In the time of the league he had supported Henry IV.; and when the king triumphed over his enemies, he shared the fruits of the victory, and held high place in the magistracy. Du Lis published several works connected with his history of Jeanne Dare. Some manuscripts of his own on legal antiquities still rest at Carpentras.—J. A., D.
DULLAERT, Heyman, a Dutch painter, born at Rotterdam, 1636; died, 1684. Placed by his father, a picture-dealer, under the tuition of Rembrandt, he so identified himself with the style of his master that instances happened, after his death, in which some of his works passed for being by the hand of that great artist. It is particularly related of his subject of "Mars in Armour," that it was bought at a public sale at Amsterdam in 1696. as an undoubted painting by Rembrandt.—R. M.
DULONG, Pierre-Louis, a celebrated chemist, was born at Rouen in 1782, and died at Paris in 1838. In his sixteenth year he entered the polytechnic school, and afterwards applied himself to the study of medicine, and practised for some time as a surgeon in one of the poorest quarters of Paris. Attracted by the brilliant discoveries of Davy, he then devoted himself to chemistry, and was fortunate in being appointed a pupil-assistant in Berthollet's laboratory. His progress was such that in a few years he made a variety of important discoveries, not the least interesting of which was that extraordinary compound, the chloride of nitrogen. In operating with this substance, his first knowledge of its nature was obtained from a frightful explosion, which destroyed almost all his apparatus, and deprived him of the use of an eye and two fingers. This unfortunate accident did not abate his philosophical ardour. In 1815 he demonstrated by decisive experiments the true nature of nitrous acid, and he extended from two to four the number of the acids formed by phosphorus. In conjunction with Petit, he wrote an important memoir on the laws of the cooling of bodies, which was crowned by the Academy of Sciences at its sitting of 16th March, 1818, and has been justly regarded as one of the most perfect productions of experimental philosophy. After the death of Petit, Dulong undertook, in conjunction with Berzelius, a new analysis of water, which resulted in establishing beyond doubt the true proportion of its elements. He took also an important part in the researches made by order of government on the elastic force of steam at high temperatures, and verified the law of Mariotte up to twenty-seven atmospheres. Dulong was admitted a member of the Academy of Sciences in 1823. He succeeded Petit as professor of natural philosophy in the polytechnic school.—G. BL.
DUMARESQ, Henry, one of the bravest of the brave, was born in 1792. At the early age of sixteen he entered the British army, and served in no less than eight campaigns. Of these six were in Portugal and Spain, one in Canada, and the last, that of 1815, in the Low Countries. He was present at the sieges of Badajos and Burgos, and the assault of the forts of Salamanca. Besides minor affairs, he took part in no less than thirteen battles, including Waterloo, for which medals were given. He was a staff-officer for nearly nineteen years, and twice fearfully wounded before he attained the rank of lieutenant-colonel. He was subsequently appointed chief commissioner of the Australian Agricultural Company in New South Wales, but deserved a better reward of his country.—J. T.
DUMAREST, Rambert, a distinguished French die-sinker and medallist, born at St. Etienne in 1750; died in Paris, 1806. He worked for a long time at Birmingham.
DUMARSAIS, Cæsar-Chesneau, an eminent grammarian and logician, born at Marseilles in 1676. He entered when young the congregation of the oratory; but disliking the restraint it imposed, he soon left it, and going to Paris began practising as an advocate. He, however, married unhappily, and domestic broils drove him to abandon his profession; after which he acted as tutor in several families, including that of the marquis de Beaufremont. He then opened a boarding-school, but being suspected of indifference to religion, his success in that project was small, and to eke out a livelihood he took to private lecturing. He also, about this time, wrote several articles for the Encyclopédie—amongst them the one on grammar—which, besides displaying a high degree of learning, are characterized by great depth and enlargement of view. They were printed separately in 1722. His chief works are—"Exposition d'une methode raisonnée pour apprendre la langue Latine," 1722; "Traité des tropes," 1730; "Logique, ou Reflexions sur les operations de l'Esprit;" and "Exposition de la doctrine de l'Eglise Gallicane," &c.—the last a posthumous publication. All these works are of high excellence. Dumarsais spent his latter years in the enjoyment of a pension, which admiration of his talents induced the count de Lauragais to grant him. He died in 1756.—J. D.
* DUMAS, Alexandre Davy, a celebrated writer of romance and dramatic author, was born at Villers Cotterets, 24th July, 1803. Although descended from the marquis de la Pailleterie, yet his grandmother was a negress. He himself bears such
