He entered the congregation of the oratory, but had soon to withdraw from the society of the fathers on account of his book "De Mente Humana." This was a treatise on the Cartesian philosophy, which was then under the ban of the church. Faydit launched a sermon at Innocent XI. when the quarrel between that pontiff and France was at its height. He afterwards suffered a short imprisonment for his work on the Trinity. He wrote several other works.—R. M., A.
* FAYE, Andreas, a Norwegian philanthropist, born at Drammen in 1802, became theological candidate in 1828, and parish priest of Holt, in the diocese of Christiansand, in 1833. In 1842 he sat in the diet. But it is as the manager of a seminary, established in his parish to educate teachers for schools of the lower classes, that he has most worthily acquired the esteem of his country. In connection with this undertaking must be mentioned his admirable popular writings, as, for instance, on temperance and on schools; also, historical reading books; the history of Norway, and of the church. He is in active sympathy with the spirit of the age, and one of the most useful men of his country.—M. H.
* FAYE, Hervé-Auguste-Etienne-Albans, a French astronomer, member of the Institut; born at St. Benoit du Sault on the 5th October, 1814; studied at the ecole polytechnique; and after residing for some years in Holland, became, on the recommendation of Arago, a pupil at the Parisian observatory. He discovered in 1843 a new comet, to which his name has been given. In the years 1848-1854 he delivered a course of lectures upon geodesy at the polytechnique, and was afterwards appointed rector of the academy of Nancy. Besides some valuable papers read before the Institut, Faye has published "Leçons de cosmographie," and a translation into French of part of Humboldt's Cosmos.—J. S., G.
FAYE, Jacques, Seigneur d'Espeisses, a French lawyer, the representative of an ancient family of the province of Lyonnais, was born at Paris in 1523. He was through life a steady adherent of Henry III., to whom he rendered important services. His diplomatic mission to Poland to secure the crown of that country to his master, though conducted with great ability, proved a failure. On his return home he was rewarded with the appointment of master of requests to the council of state, and afterwards became attorney-general to the parliament of Paris. He discharged the duties of this difficult post with rare skill. When Henry retired to Tours Faye accompanied him thither, and organized the royalist parliament, of which he became president. He vehemently attacked the council of Trent, and opposed any recognition of its decrees in France. Faye died in 1590, and left a reputation for learning, ability, and eloquence.—R. B.
FAYETTE. See Lafayette.
FAYOLLE, François Joseph Marie, was born at Paris in 1774, and died in 1852. Fayolle was the son of a dentist, and, showing some talent for science, became pupil at the school des travaux publics (afterwards called the polytechnique). He was fond of general literature, and found employment in writing biographical notices for Didot's stereotype editions of the minor French poets. He was an amateur performer on the violin and violincello, and his celebrity as a performer on these instruments led him to think himself qualified to translate (from the German) Gerber's Dictionary of celebrated composers. His knowledge of music was better than of German. The book, however, is sometimes still looked at, on account of a supplement in which he relates the lives of French musicians. Fayolle was as imprudent as if he had been a richer man, and cultivated a taste for collecting books and musical instruments. He was soon ruined, and migrated to London. With the energy of an intelligent Frenchman, he brushed up his mathematics; re-hashed his prefaces and notes to Didot's Poets; had with him one of his best cremonas; got it re-strung; commenced peripatetic philosopher; and gave to such English gentlemen and ladies as wished for cheap instruction, lessons in mathematics, in literature, and in music. Meanwhile his creditors in Paris were busy selling his books and fiddles. We are glad to know that, out of all this wreck and ruin, he was able to save a trifle, and to get back to France. Fayolle was a man of lively talent. His epigrams are worth reading. Some parts of Virgil are translated by him very gracefully. Among his works is a translation of Gray's Elegy.—J. A., D.
* FAYOT, Alfred Charles Frédéric, born at Paris in 1797. He was employed early in the government offices, and is known as the author of some clever pamphlets and translations. He has contributed largely to the public journals, and edited several books on gastronomy. In politics Fayot is earnestly devoted to the memory of the first Napoleon, and has re-edited a number of the works of his admirers.—J. A., D.
FAYPOULT DE MAISONCELLE, Guillaume Charles, was born at Champagne in 1752. The Revolution found him a simple captain of artillery at Cherbourg, but the way being open for merit, he rose to be secretary-general in the home-office When the cry against aristocrats grew fast and furious, the family name excited so much dangerous prejudice, that De Maisoncelle abandoned his post and fled. Upon the fall of Robespierre he returned, and was indemnified for the persecution he underwent with the high office of minister of finance. Sent to Genoa as minister plenipotentiary, his first act was to demand the expulsion of the emigrés and of the Austrian ambassador. Nelson, however, appeared off Genoa in September, 1796. Faypoult, nothing daunted, added to his demands one requiring an embargo on English vessels in the port. Encouraged probably by the hopes of British support, an insurrectionary movement took place in the following May, to put down which Faypoult called on Bonaparte, who was only too well pleased with the opportunity afforded for interference. Bonaparte charged the senate with having fomented troubles, exacted heavy fines, and so terrified that body, that they drew up a democratic constitution, which they even prayed the French general to accept as a free-will offering, and to mark the event, ordered a medal to be struck in honour of Bonaparte and Faypoult de Maisoncelle. The latter was subsequently employed on various diplomatic missions in Italy; but as extortion and dilapidation were the order of the day, he got into difficulties, because of the host of enemies he excited by his attempts to expose their evil doings. The first consul, to remove him out of the way of danger, appointed him prefect of the Scheldt; but an inundation having followed the bursting of some dykes, Bonaparte, accusing the prefect of negligence, dismissed him. He then set up a cotton-mill at Oudenarde, which was destroyed by fire. After this he entered the service of Joseph Bonaparte, king of Spain, who made him minister of war and of finance. He subsequently shared the good and evil fortunes of the Bonapartes, was never employed under the Restoration, and. died in Paris in 1817. He was evidently a man of remarkable ability.—J. F. C.
FAZELLI, Tomaso, born at Sacca in Sicily in 1498. Having completed his classic studies, he entered the order of St. Dominic, and became a very eminent theologian. Whilst at Rome he met with the celebrated Giovio, who induced him to write a Latin history of Sicily, which was afterwards translated into Italian by Remigio. His style and the accuracy displayed in relating facts are greatly praised by Mongitore, who records also some manuscripts of this author, which are still unpublished. He died at Palermo, on the 8th April, 1570.—A. C. M.
FAZIO, Bartolomeo, an elegant Latin writer, born at Spezzia, near Genoa, in the early part of the fifteenth century. The celebrated Guarini of Verona instructed him in Latin and Greek, and he soon became so well known as a scholar, and a man of general ability, that the republic of Genoa commissioned him to arrange the differences then existing between that commonwealth and Alfonso of Arragon, king of Naples, who, won over by the good manners and great abilities of the Genoese envoy, appointed him his historiographer. Fazio was the powerful antagonist on literary matters of the celebrated Lorenzo Valla, and the correspondence between these two great scholars has been fully described by Parnormita. Fazio's works are very numerous, and Valla himself pronounces them very well written. The date of Fazio's death is uncertain, although Summonte asserts it occurred in 1457.—A. C. M.
FAZIO or BONIFAZIO DEGLI UBERTI, the nephew of Farinata degli Uberti, the great Ghibelline leader immortalized by Dante in the tenth canto of his Inferno, was born at Florence in the commencement of the fourteenth century, was exiled from his native city, and enjoyed the reputation of being the best poet of his time. He wrote a poem entitled "Il Dittamondo," in which, undoubtedly, he endeavoured to rival Dante's Divina Comedia, by describing the outward world as Allighieri had depicted the three kingdoms of death; and, although the poem must be considered a failure, yet its versification is elegant, and the language both correct and harmonious. In a canzone lately published by Guisti, Fazio complains very bitterly of the great
