in five other sieges, besides several battles. He acquired the reputation of a fearless, indefatigable, and skilful officer, was intrusted with various important commissions, held several high offices, and ultimately attained the rank of general, and was made a K.C.B. in 1848. General Galloway was the author of several military treatises; of a commentary on the "Mahometan Law," and of one on the "Law, Constitution, and Government of India;" and of a work on "Indian Sieges," which was used as a text-book in the military college of the East India Company. He died in 1850.—J. T.
GALLOWAY, Joseph, an American lawyer, born in Maryland in 1730; died in England in September, 1803. Eminent in the practice of his profession in Philadelphia, and well known as a supporter of the popular party, he was appointed speaker of the Pennsylvanian assembly, and in 1774 member of the first congress. He proposed the union of the colonies under a president to be appointed by the king; and in 1776, when his party clamoured for independence, he joined the royalists, and in 1788 left the United States for England. His estates in Pennsylvania, which he valued, in his examination before a parliamentary committee, at £40,000, were confiscated by congress, but after his death part of them was restored to his daughter. He wrote political pamphlets, and two works upon prophecy.—R. V. C.
GALLOWAY, Thomas, an eminent Scottish mathematician, was born in Lanarkshire on the 26th of February, 1796, and died in London on the 1st of November, 1851. He held for many years the office of teacher of mathematics in the Royal Military college of Sandhurst, and was a fellow of the Royal Society, and of the Royal Astronomical Society. He wrote many of the astronomical and mathematical articles in the Encyclopædia Britannica, and in the Edinburgh, and Foreign Quarterly Reviews, and several scientific papers, of which the most remarkable is one upon the proper motion of the solar system, in the Philosophical Transactions for 1847.—W. J. M. R.
GALLUCCI, Giovanni Paolo, an Italian astronomer, born at Salo, near Brescia, lived in the second half of the sixteenth century. Though possessed of an extensive knowledge of astronomy, he shared in the superstitions of his age concerning the influence of the stars upon human affairs. His book on astronomical instruments; "Theatrum Mundi et Temporis;" "Speculum Uranicum," &c.; may be usefully consulted, but rather from a historical than a scientific point of view.—A. S., O.
GALLUS, Aelius, prefect of Egypt, about the year 25 b.c. He was a brave man, although the principal event in his life, and that by which he is chiefly known, was a great failure. He attempted the conquest of Arabia, but was deceived by his guide, and defeated by the difficulties of a country which, even in modern times, is almost unknown. The story of the whole affair is told at full length by Strabo.—W. H. W.
GALLUS, C. Aquilius, a great Roman judge and lawyer, who was elected prætor with Cicero in the year 67 b.c. We know very little of his private life, and very little also of his works, of which none have come down to us. Nevertheless, we are compelled to believe that his reputation must have been deservedly great, both from the second-hand testimony which we possess of what he did, and from the manner in which Cicero speaks of him in his oration Pro Cæcina. He there calls him "vir ornatissimus, qui juris civilis rationem nunquam ab æquitate sejunxerit, qui tot annos ingenium, laborem, fidem, suam populo Romano promptam expositamque præbuerit, qui ita justus est et bonus vir, ut natura non disciplina consultus esse videatur." Gallus was judge when two other orations of Cicero were delivered; the oration Pro Quintio and that Pro Cluentio. It is impossible to make the nature of his legal reforms perfectly clear, without fully explaining beforehand all the subtleties and terminology of Roman law; and we must therefore be content with observing that Gallus chiefly applied himself to remedying those defects in Roman legislation by which technicalities were allowed to defeat justice. This he effected, not by any sweeping changes, which would have prejudiced people against him, but by a series of reforms introduced as far as possible under the usual legal forms and phraseology. It was this carefulness and regard for established custom, which made Cicero describe him in the oration Pro Cæcina as "ita peritus ac prudens, ut ex jure civili non scientia solum quædam verum etiam bonitas nata videatur." Gallus not only attained great distinction for professional ability, but was remarkable for his honesty and for his hatred of all chicanery. It was he who decided against Otacilia, a woman who had carried on an adulterous intercourse with Varro. Varro, when on the point of death, had allowed her to create a debt of 300,000 sesterces against him, which was to be recoverable from his heirs. He did not, however, die so soon as Otacilia expected, and she therefore brought an action against him for the whole amount with interest. The cause was heard before Gallus, through whose learning and integrity Otacilia was defeated. Gallus is very frequently quoted by the jurists, out of whose writings the Digest was compiled; but if we except these loose and fragmentary extracts, and the evidence of his contemporaries, we know nothing whatever of the man or his books.—W. H. W.
GALLUS, Caius Cornelius, a Roman poet and statesman of the Augustan age, was born about 68 b.c., in the Gallic town of Forum Sulii (now Frejus), where the lowly condition of his parents afforded him few advantages of education and influence. Having removed to Italy in early life, he prosecuted his literary and philosophical studies along with Virgil, Varus, and others, whose friendship he then gained, and whose fame he subsequently rivalled. He held a high place in the esteem of Asinius Pollio. Ovid has ranked him among the most distinguished of elegiac writers, and the tenth eclogue of the Mantuan bard attests the affection with which he was regarded by its author. That poem, which is inscribed to Gallus, gives us a glimpse of his private history, in his hopeless passion for Lycoris, generally supposed to be the Cytheris who was a favourite of Antony. Many of his own elegies were dictated by the same ardent unrequited attachment, and it probably contributed to his acknowledged skill in that species of composition. Meanwhile he had opened for himself a path to political honours and influence, by embracing the cause of Octavianus, who was then climbing rapidly to his imperial power and his title of Augustus. The poet held a command under the conqueror at Actium, and was commissioned to conduct the pursuit of Antony into Egypt, where he reduced Pharos, took possession of Parætonium, and had a share in the capture of Cleopatra. For these services he was rewarded with the præfecture of Egypt, which he held for four years. Being recalled in disgrace, on account of his maladministration, and sentenced to exile by the senate for the insolent language which his resentment directed against the emperor, he ended his life by suicide, 26 b.c. Besides his elegies, in four books, he composed some epigrams and a translation of Euphorion; but all his works are lost, the few which bear his name in some collections being evidently spurious.—W. B.
GALLUS, Caius Sulpicius, was prætor at Rome in 169 b.c., and was a great scholar at a time when learning and scientific knowledge were exceedingly rare amongst his countrymen. He is celebrated as having foretold an eclipse of the moon to his soldiers; and the boldness with which he broke the chains of a superstition which taught men to look upon such an event as an awful prodigy, is not less to be admired than the acquirements in mathematics and astronomy which enabled him to utter his prediction with such confidence. He was consul in the year 166 b.c.—W. H. W.
GALLUS, Caius Vibius Trebonianus, one of the Roman emperors, was born about 206, and was probably a native of the island of Gerba on the coast of Africa. He served under Decius in the campaign against the Goths in 251. On the defeat and death of Decius, Gallus was elected emperor along with Hostilianus, the surviving son of Decius. His first act was to purchase the retreat of the victorious Goths by allowing them to retain their plunder and prisoners, and promising them an annual tribute. This disgraceful treaty excited general indignation against the new emperor. In 253 the Goths again invaded the Roman empire, but were repulsed by Æmilianus, who was thereupon proclaimed emperor by his soldiers. He lost no time in marching into Italy, and Gallus advancing to meet him was put to death, along with his son Volusianus, by his own troops.—J. T.
GALLUS, Cestius, a Roman general, was the son of Cestius Gallus Camerino, consul in 35. He was appointed governor of Syria in 64. The Jews, who had suffered severely from the tyranny of Gessius Floras, appealed to Gallus against their oppressor, but though he admitted the justice of their demands, he had no power to grant them redress. When the Jewish rebellion broke out, Gallus marched from Antioch at the head of a picked body of soldiers, and laid siege to Jerusalem. He had succeeded in obtaining possession of the quarter called Bezetha,
