and trunk were then swathed in bandages, like the Egyptian mummies, in order to preserve the body from the air; essences and perfumes were afterwards added. His process was favourably received by scientific men, and in 1836 the Institute awarded to him one of the Monthyon prizes of 8000 francs. His business became very extensive, and on new-year's day he used to send round Paris 100,000 business cards. Gannal wrote a "History of Embalming," Paris, 1837-41; and on the use of chlorine as a remedy in pulmonary phthisis. He improved the refinement of borax, and invented the elastic bands (of gelatine and sugar). He died in 1852 at Paris.—C. E. L.
GANS, Eduard, a German jurisconsult, was born at Berlin, 22d March, 1798. He studied law at Berlin, Göttingen, and Heidelberg, travelled in France and England, and on his return was appointed professor-extraordinary in his native town. Here he contracted an intimate friendship with Hegel, and distinguished himself as one of his most talented followers by applying the theory of his great friend to the science of law. Gans soon stood at the head of the philosophical school of jurisprudence, in opposition to the historical school under Savigny. He died prematurely. May 5, 1839. The most important of his works are his "Scholien zum Gajus," 1820; and his "Erbrecht in weltgeschichtlicher Entwickelung," 4 vols.—K. E.
GANTEAUME, Honoré, Count, a distinguished officer of the French navy, was born at La Ciotat, on the coast of Provence, in 1755. At the age of fourteen he entered the merchant service. When France sided with America in the war of independence, Ganteaume got himself transferred to the royal navy, and served under D'Estaing on the American coast, and afterwards under Suffren in India. After the breaking out of the revolutionary war in 1793 he rapidly rose in his profession, and having been present on board the Orient at the battle of the Nile, and escaped as if by miracle from the blowing up of the ship, he was named rear-admiral, and appointed to the command of the naval force in Egypt. It was on board Ganteaume's frigate, the Muiron, that Bonaparte, eluding the British cruisers, returned from Egypt to France. After the 18th Brumaire, Napoleon made him a councillor of state and president of the naval administration. In 1801 the squadron under his command, as he was returning from Egypt to Toulon, captured the British seventy-four gun-ship Swiftsure. In 1804 he was raised to the rank of vice-admiral, and put in command of the Brest fleet. He acquitted himself with prudence and success in various minor operations up to the year 1810, when increasing gout compelled him to retire from active service. His timely defection from Napoleon earned him a peerage and other more solid rewards. He died on his estate of Aubagne in 1818.—T. A.
GARAMOND, Claude, celebrated as an engraver and letter-founder, born in Paris at the end of the fifteenth century; died in 1561. He was the first who introduced the Roman character into printing instead of the rude Gothic or black letter which had formerly been used. The excellence of his types soon brought them into use throughout France, England, and other countries of Europe, and they became known distinctively as Garamonds. From three sorts of types founded by Garamond from designs by Ange Vergèce, and dedicated to the king, were printed the editions of the New Testament, Dion Cassius, and other Greek authors, published in Paris by Robert Stephens.—R. V. C.
GARANGEOT. See Garengeot.
GARASSE, François, was born at Angoulême in 1585, and died at Poitiers, 14th June, 1631. At fifteen he entered the Society of Jesus; in 1618 he took the vows, and soon afterwards obtained a brilliant reputation as a preacher. With an intellect well cultivated and richly stored, with rare natural facility of speech, and with a voice at once powerful and pleasing, he yet owed much of his popularity to lower qualities—to mere verbal wit, to elaborated affectations, and to unsparing personality. Speedily involved in polemics, he displayed a marvellous vivacity find a curiosa felicitas of vituperation; whilst his burlesque energy would have been almost admirable, had he not applied it to the most sacred subjects. His "Recherche des Recherches d'Étienne Pasquier," 1622, was "dedicated to the late Étienne Pasquier, wherever he might happen to be; for," says Garasse, "never being able to make out what your religion really was, I don't know what road you took on your departure from this world!" Pasquier's sons addressed their reply "to Garasse, wherever he might happen to be;" and we read that the impetuous jesuit was sometimes to be found in very strange places. Amongst his numerous publications, we may mention "Horoscopus Anti-Cotonis;" "Elixir Calvinisticum;" "La Doctrine curieuse des Beaux Esprits de ce temps;" and "La Somme Theologique," which last drew down upon him the censures of the Sorbonne. Thus censured, he retired to Poitiers. Suddenly the plague broke out. Then Garasse cast aside his books, visited the hospitals, tended the sick, braved the contagion, and died. So noble a death would lead one to deal leniently with his many errors.—W. J. P.
GARAT, Dominique Joseph, a French politician of considerable note in the time of the Revolution. He was born at Ustaritz, near Bayonne, in 1749, and received his early education under Boileau and Rollin. Proceeding to Paris in his youth, he soon established his fame in the literary world, gaining the prize for eloquence at the Academie Française upon four several occasions. He assisted Pancoucke in compiling the Encyclopedie methodique, and was appointed professor of history at the Paris Athenæum, which office he held during the Revolution and under the empire, though, from the violence of the times, his lectures were often suspended. In 1789 he was chosen to represent the Basque provinces in the constituent assembly; and though he did not speak much, he rendered great service to the revolutionary cause, by accurately reporting the proceedings of the assembly in the Journal de Paris. He was lamentably deficient in firmness of character; and when subsequently appointed to succeed Danton as minister of justice, he became a new tool in the hands of the desperate men who succeeded each other in ruling the destinies of France. It fell to his lot in his judicial capacity to announce to the unfortunate Louis XVI. that sentence of death had been passed upon him; and he had, moreover, to discharge the sad duty of superintending all the details of that monarch's execution. He was afterwards made minister of the interior, and he continued to fill various offices in the state until Napoleon's successful coup d'etat, on the 18th Brumaire. His life was more than once in peril during the sanguinary days of the Revolution. Upon one occasion he was in prison, and owed his release to the intercession of Barrére and Robespierre. In truth, during the whole of his varied career, he was a complete time-server. During the prosperity of Napoleon he eulogized him in orations which were masterpieces of eloquence, and voted for his dethronement in his hour of reverse. During the emperor's exile at Elba he was assiduous in paying court to Alexander of Russia; and during the Hundred Days his loyalty was held in complete suspense. Though he was a member of the chamber at that time, he maintained a prudent silence, which was only broken when the victory of Waterloo restored Louis XVIII. to the throne of France. But that monarch could never be induced to pardon Garat. He was deprived of all his honours, and his name was even erased from the list of the Institute. He retired from Paris, and seemed to be forgotten till the revolution of 1830, when he was restored to his literary rank by Louis Philippe. But he had then retired to his native town. Ambition had lost its charm for him; and, devoting himself wholly to religion, he died at Ustaritz in 1833. His character was devoid of political firmness, and his works are of an ephemeral nature. Many of them are diffuse orations on the heroes of the Revolution, and the rest are essays on events arising out of the transactions of that period.—R. D. B.
GARAVAGLIA, Giovita, Italian engraver, born at Pavia in 1790; died April 27, 1835; was a pupil first of Anderloni, and afterwards of G. Longhi of Milan. In 1813 he obtained the academy prize for his plate from Luini's Herodias with the head of John the Baptist, and in 1817 for a "Holy Family." On the death of Raphael Morghen in 1833, Garavaglia was appointed to succeed him as professor of engraving in the Academy of Florence—a sufficient proof of the estimation in which he was held by his countrymen. But Garavaglia, though a very excellent engraver, must not be compared with Morghen. His best engravings are "The Infant Saviour and St. John," after Carlo Maratti—a very beautiful work; "Beatrice Cenci," and "The Assumption of the Virgin," after Guido—the last left unfinished; "David with the Head of Goliath," after Guercino; "The Meeting of Jacob and Rachel," after Appiani; and some admirable portraits.—J. T—e.
GARAY, Janos, a Hungarian poet, whose writings have attained to high popular favour, was born at Szegzard, near the town of Tolna, in 1812. Of his early life we only know that
