GAUDENTIUS, St., succeeded St. Philastrius as bishop of Brescia in the year 387. He made great resistance to his election, pleading his youth and his unworthiness, and even departed on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem that he might be out of the way; but the people would not be so put off, and being compelled to return, Gaudentius was ordained bishop by St. Ambrose. In his episcopal office he firmly and perseveringly opposed the encroachments of the Arians. In 405 he formed one of a deputation of five western bishops sent by Honorius to Arcadius with the approbation of the pope, to plead the cause of the exiled Chrysostom. On the voyage the deputies were arrested by emissaries from Arcadius, and after undergoing much ill-usage on account of their steady refusal to communicate with Atticus, the intruded patriarch, they were forced to put to sea in a leaky vessel, which, however, they exchanged at Lampsacus for one more sea-worthy, and returned safely to Italy. Seventeen sermons of St. Gaudentius are extant; in one of them he explains, for the benefit of neophytes, the mystery of the Eucharist. The date of his death has not been ascertained.—T. A.
GAUDENZI, Pellegrino, was born at Forli on the 3d of June, 1749. He entered the seminary of his native city, where he became acquainted with Cesarotti's translation of Ossian, and was so much enraptured by that work that he determined to go to Padua and place himself under the care of its author, then professor of belles-lettres in that university. Here he studied the classics, and published, in 1780, his poem entitled "The Birth of Christ," a work highly commended by Cesarotti. Gaudenzi devoted much of his time to the study of the abstract sciences, and became a member of the Academy of Padua. He was preparing some dissertations on classical subjects when he died, 27th June, 1784.—A. C. M.
GAUDICHAUD-BEAUPRÉ, Charles, a French botanist, was born at Angoulême, 4th September, 1780, and died at Paris, 16th September, 1854. He became pharmacien de la marine in 1810, and in that capacity he made three important voyages of discovery in the ships l'Uranie, la Physicienne, l'Harmonie, and la Bonite, visiting South America, the Mauritius, Bourbon, St. Helena, New Holland, the Sandwich Islands, Terra del Fuego, the East Indies, and China. He resided on several occasions at Rio Janeiro, and thrice doubled Cape Horn. On the 14th February, 1820, the Uranie was shipwrecked in the Falkland archipelago, and Gaudichaud had the misfortune to lose a large portion of his collections. About two thousand specimens of plants, however, were recovered, after having lain for forty days under salt water; and they were saved by being repeatedly washed with fresh water and again subjected to the process of drying. He resided in the Falkland Islands for four months, and published an account of their flora in the Annales des Sciences Naturelles. In 1826 he published an account of the botanical collections made during the voyage of the Uranie and the Physicienne. He devoted much attention to the ferns which he had observed, and published a valuable dissertation on the markings left by the leaves, and on the arrangement of the vascular bundles in them and in the stem. He subsequently entered warmly into the subject of botanical physiology, and supported the views of Petit Thouars relative to the formation of the woody bundles. He looked upon buds as fixed embryos, giving off roots downwards in the form of wood, and stems upwards in the form of leaves with spiral vessels. In his "Recherches sur l'organographie, la physiologie et l'organogenie des végétaux," published in Paris in 1841, he discusses fully these physiological views. He was strongly opposed by Mirbel, and a controversy arose between them on the subject, which led to the appearance of many memoirs before the Academy of Sciences of the Institute of France, of which he was a member. He was a foreign member of the Linnæan Society. His health suffered much from the effects of his voyages, and in later life was very feeble and infirm. Among the other works of Gaudichaud may be mentioned "Flore des Iles Malouines," "Memoires sur les Cycadées;" treatises on the potato disease; on the propagation of bulbous plants; on the fall of the leaves; and on the increase of stem in height and diameter.—J. H. B.
* GAUDIN, Marc Antoine Augustin, was born April 5, 1804, at Saintes, in the department of Charente-Inférieure. He has been employed for more than twenty years as a calculator at the Bureau des Longitudes in Paris. M. Gaudin has devoted himself especially to photography and optical research. In 1824 he published, in conjunction with M. Lerebours, an account of the latest improvements in daguerreotype; and in 1844, a practical treatise on photography. He is the author of various observations on different kinds of lenses, on the properties of rock-crystal, and on a new photographic paper, besides various papers on the atomic theory. In 1827 he invented an air-pump, with rotatory motion, so as to cause dilatation in one direction and compression in the other.—C. E. L.
GAUDIN, Martin Michel Charles, Duc de Gaeta, an eminent French financier under the directory and the empire, was born at St. Denis, near Paris, 19th January, 1756, and died at Paris, 26th November, 1844. At an early age he was introduced to the routine of the public offices, and at the period of Necker's first ministry, had risen to an important position in the treasury service. A commissary under the constituent assembly's finance committee, Gaudin led a troubled life, and frequently, but in vain, tendered his resignation. In 1795 he was the finance minister-elect of the directory; but the post was too high for his ambition, and he declined it. With the establishment of an autocracy in the person of Napoleon, Gaudin, who had a short time previously been at the head of the postal service, again entered upon the duties of minister of finance, which he discharged, with great advantage both to the credit of government and the interests of France, till the 1st April, 1814. From March to July of the following year he again served Napoleon in the same capacity. For this long term of service the emperor liberally recompensed the faithful minister. Gaudin was created Comte in 1808, and Duc in 1809. Elected deputy of the legislative chamber in 1815, he sat in it four years, and in 1820 was nominated governor of the bank of France, with which he was connected till 1834. The last ten years of his life he spent in retirement, honoured by all parties for integrity of character and sound judgment, unimpeached and unquestioned in the course of a long and eventful life.—J. S., G.
GAUDY, Franz Bernhard Heinrich Wilhelm, Freiherr von, a German poet, was born of a family said to have been of Scotch extraction at Frankfort-on-the-Oder, April 19, 1800, and died at Berlin, February 6, 1840. He entered the Prussian army, but resigned his lieutenancy to devote himself exclusively to literary pursuits. He wrote some volumes of lyric poetry, chiefly in imitation of the French chansons, and a number of tales and sketches on Italian subjects. He also translated, with Chamisso, the songs of Beranger.—K. E.
* GAUERMANN, Friedrich, son of Jakob Gauermann; born in 1807 at Meisenbach in Austria. He learnt the rudiments of his art from his father; and completed his technical education in the art academy, and imperial library, Vienna; but owes the vigour, originality, and truth of his pencil to his diligent studies from nature in the mountain districts of Styria, Salzburg, and the Tyrol. Friedrich Gauermann has greatly distinguished himself both as an animal and a landscape painter. His "Ploughman," which was the central attraction in the Vienna exhibition of 1834, gained general applause at the great exhibition of Paris, 1855. To this last exhibition he also contributed a "Dying Stag," a "Halt upon the Mountain," and "The End of the Chase"—titles which indicate the general character of his works. His landscape compositions are chiefly of scenery. Many of his pictures have been lithographed.—J. T—e.
GAUERMANN, Jakob, landscape painter and engraver, was born at Offingen, near Stuttgart, in 1772; studied three years at the Stuttgart Academy, and afterwards at Vienna. Gauermann acquired great celebrity in Austria by his water-colour drawings of mountain scenery, the result of many journeys in Styria, the Tyrol, &c. He was appointed court-painter to the Archduke John, in whose collection is a large number of his best pictures. Many of his works are also in the collections of other Austrian and German princes, and in that of Lord Auckland. His oil-paintings are not very numerous. His engravings consist of thirty-six landscapes with figures.—J. T—e.
GAULLI, Giovanni Battista, called Baciccio, an Italian painter, was born in 1639 at Genoa, but is ranked among the Roman school. His early art-education he received from L. Borzone in his native city, but went early to Rome, where he became a pupil of Bernini. His chief work is the large painting on the vault of the church del Gesù at Rome, representing the "Assumption of St. Francis Xavier," which is celebrated for the boldness, and truth of the foreshortening, and the brilliancy of the colouring. Another celebrated work is the "Virgin and Child, surrounded by angels, with St. Anne kneeling in front;" it
