to the cultivation of art and letters, and at the age of twenty-one dedicated to Philip II. his "Icones Imperatorum," which procured him the dignities of historiographer and painter royal. In 1558-60 he travelled in France, Germany, and Italy, and returned to Bruges with a rich collection of antiquities. In 1567 he published his "Roman Fasti," the dedication of which to the senate of Rome was rewarded by a complimentary address and the freedom of the city. His numismatical works are not free from errors of so grave a character as to render their authority on disputed points of little weight. Goltzius' paintings, which are exceedingly rare, are not without merit.—J. S., G.
GOMAR, Francis, the celebrated antagonist of Arminius, was born at Brügge in Flanders, January 30, 1563. His family was respectable and wealthy, and zealously attached to the reformed church. He had a pious education, and was early destined to study and the ministry. His parents having removed into the palatinate when he was fifteen years old, he was placed for three years at Strasburg under the famous philologist, John Sturm; and in 1580 commenced the study of theology at Neustadt under Ursinus, Zanchius, and Tossanus. In 1585 and 1586 he continued to study under the same masters at Heidelberg. With the exception of a short stay in Oxford and Cambridge, the whole of Gomar's training in theology was derived from the Calvinistic theologians of Heidelberg. His first charge was at Frankfort-on-the-Maine, where he faithfully discharged the office of pastor of the "ecclesia Belgica" from 1587 to 1594. In the beginning of 1594 he was called to occupy a chair of philosophy in the university of Leyden; and he continued to fulfil its duties with undisturbed serenity and success till the appointment of Arminius in 1603 to the vacant professorship of Francis Junius. The orthodoxy of his new colleague had already been publicly called in question; but after a conference with Arminius, Gomar declared himself satisfied, and took part in conferring upon him a doctor's degree. But in 1604 Arminius began to teach openly his peculiar views, and a thesis which he published, "De libero arbitrio hominis ejusque viribus," which was in direct opposition to the teaching of the Belgian Confession, obliged Gomar to come to the defence of the orthodox doctrine of the reformed church of the Netherlands. A keen and violent controversy followed, which lasted during the lifetime of Arminius, and long after his death, in which Gomar took a leading part. In the public disputations of 1604, 1608, and 1609, he was the prominent figure opposed to Arminius; and in the synod of Dort he was equally influential in his antagonism to the party of the remonstrants. But he was no lover of controversy for its own sake. He laid down his office at Leyden in 1611 in order to escape from the thick of the strife, and withdrew for several years to a quiet charge at Middelburg. In 1614 he accepted a call to a chair at Saumur; but his native church could not afford to be long deprived of his services, and he was recalled four years later to occupy a similar chair at Groningen. In 1633 he took part at Leyden in the revision of the Dutch Bible; and in 1641 he died. His numerous works, partly exegetical and partly polemical, appeared in a collected form at Amsterdam in 1645, and again in 1664.—P. L.
GOMBAULD, Jean Ogier de, born at St. Just de Lussac about 1570; died in 1666. At the court of Marie de Medicis he was much admired, and was given a pension of twelve hundred francs, afterwards reduced to four hundred. He was one of the gentlemen-in-ordinary to the king. His epitaph on Malherbe is quoted—"Il est mort pauvre, et moi, je vis comme il est mort." Gombauld was one of the early members of the French Academy. He published tragedies, pastorals, sonnets, epigrams; Endymion, a romance; and tracts and letters on religion.—J. A., D.
GOMBERVILLE, Marin le Roy, Sieur de, born in 1599; died in 1674. At the early age of fourteen he wrote a series of quatrains, one hundred and ten in number, on the subject of old age. He formed intimate relations with the Fort Royal divines, and for a while seemed likely to devote his talents to religious studies and exercises. He wrote imitations of Horace. Menage, however, denied that he knew Latin. He published several romances, and edited some historical tracts, with valuable notes. He fell out with the particle "car," and in one of his long romances determined never to introduce it; but it three times escaped his pen. A book of Gomberville's on the philosophy of the stoics, illustrated by a hundred tableaux, is still looked at for the sake of the plates.—J. A., D.
GOMES, Francisco Dias, a Portuguese poet and critic, lived at Lisbon in the eighteenth century. Engaged in trade, and occupied by the cares of a family, he reaped little fame while living from his literary efforts; but after his death in 1795, the Royal Academy of Lisbon caused his poems to be printed for the benefit of his widow and children. The principal poem is an epic on the conquest of Ceuta by John I.; there is also another entitled "The Seasons." It is, however, as a critic that he is most esteemed. A dissertation on the progress of the national style is justly esteemed.—F. M. W.
GOMEZ, Fernando, a Spanish captain, born in 1138. His first campaigns were against the Moors, and subsequently he served in the war waged between Ferdinand II. of Leon and Alonso Enriquez, the founder of the Portuguese monarchy. His disorderly life led to his expulsion from the court of Ferdinand, but he distinguished himself as a soldier, and was the founder of the military order of Alcantara. He died in 1182.—F. M. W.
GOMEZ, Joao Baptista, a Portuguese poet; born about 1784; died in 1812. He is chiefly known by a tragedy entitled "A Novo Castro," founded on the national theme of Inez de Castro. This poem went through several editions, and was translated into French. Its merits consist in the author having thrown off the bastard classicalism of the day, and followed the genius of his native language.—F. M W.
GOMEZ DE CIUDAD REAL, Alvarez, a Spanish theologian and Latin poet, born in 1488; died in 1538. He was the companion of Charles V. in his youthful studies. He fought in the Italian wars (1506-1512), and retired on a pension granted by Charles. His works are "Thali Christia," a heroic poem on the life of Jesus Christ, 1522; "De Militia principis Burgundi," 1540; and several religious treatises, of which the titles may be found in Antonio's Bib. Scriptorum Hispaniæ.—F. M. W.
* GOMM, Sir William, K.C.B. and general, a distinguished veteran officer, was born about 1780. The son of a lieutenant-colonel, he entered the army in 1794 as an ensign in the 7th regiment, and soon began in Holland an almost unprecedented career of active service. He served in the operations in the Helder in 1799; he accompanied Sir James Pulteney's expeditions in 1801; that against Copenhagen in 1807; and (after being present at Vimiera and Corunna) that against Walcheren in 1809. Lieutenant in the year of his ensigncy, he was a captain in 1803, major in 1811, lieutenant-colonel in 1812, being present as assistant quartermaster-general at Badajos, Salamanca, Vittoria, St. Sebastian, and Nice. He was at Waterloo as quartermaster- general to Picton's "fighting division," receiving in consequence the order of St. Anne, second class, and being created a K.C.B. in 1815. He was made a colonel in 1829, a major-general in 1837, a lieutenant-general in 1846, and a general in 1854. Sir William Gomm has been commander of the troops in the northern district of England, governor and commander-in-chief at the Mauritius, and in 1850, on the resignation of Sir Charles Napier, he was appointed to the command of the army in India, which he held till 1855. He has been twice married; first to the daughter of G. Penn, Esq. of Stoke Park, Bucks; and second in 1830 to the eldest daughter of Lord Robert Kerr, granddaughter of the fifth marquis of Lothian.—F. E.
GONATAS ANTIGONUS. See Antigonus.
GONCALVEZ, Joaquim Affonso, a Portuguese linguist, born in 1780; died in 1841. Having embraced the clerical profession, he sailed in 1812 for China, and visited Brazil, the Malabar coast, and the Philippines. Owing to the persecution then raging in China against the christians, he remained at Macao, and devoted himself with extraordinary energy to the study of the Mandarin language. His labours are less known than they deserve to be, forming as they do an important step in the knowledge of Chinese literature. In 1828 he published a Latin grammar for the use of Chinese students; in 1829 his "Arte China," a Portuguese-Chinese grammar, which is esteemed by the first Chinese scholars of the present day. In 1831 he published a Portuguese-Chinese dictionary, followed two years after by the corresponding Chinese-Portuguese work. In 1836 and 1838 he issued a Latin-Chinese vocabulary; and it is said that a larger work, on an extended and wholly novel plan, still remains in manuscript.—F. M. W.
GONDEBAUD or GUNDOBALD, one of the four sons of Gundioc, king of Burgundy, obtained at the death of his father, towards the close of the fifth century, the Lyonnese portion of the divided kingdom. Two of his brothers, Chilperic and Godomar, perished in the vain attempt to resist his ambitious schemes, and he assumed in 491 the title and authority of king
