tion into a privileged corporation. Gradenigo preserved his power, in spite of the external difficulties in which he was involved by his war with Genoa, till his death in 1311.—A. S., O.
GRAEVIUS, Johann Georg, or Grafe, his real name (by which, however, he is little known), a famous philologist, was born at Naumburg-on-the Saale, Saxony, January 29, 1632. He received his education at the college of Pforta, and afterwards, by desire of his parents, went to Leipsic to enter himself as a student of jurisprudence. But he felt a great dislike to this study, and having vainly tried to overcome it, was sent by his father on commercial affairs to Holland. There he made the acquaintance of the celebrated Heinsius, by whose advice he was finally persuaded to give up law and begin the study of philosophy and philology. He accordingly went through a course of studies at the universities of Deventer and Amsterdam, and in 1656 was nominated professor at Duisburg. Two years after he accepted the post of director of the college of Deventer, and in 1662 obtained the chair of rhetoric and history at the university of Utrecht. His fame now began to spread through the whole of Europe, and princes and governments, among others the sovereigns of Prussia and France, and the republic of Venice, sought to gain him for their public schools. He, however, chose to remain at Utrecht, to which his reputation attracted a vast number of students from all parts of Europe. King William III. of England nominated him his historiographer, and Louis XIV. made him a large present. He died at Utrecht, January 11, 1703. The most important of his writings are—"Thesaurus antiquitatum Romanorum," 12 vols. fol., Utrecht, 1694-99; "Thesaurus antiquitatum et historiarum Italiæ," 45 vols. fol., Leyden, 1704-25. He also published annotated editions of Catullus, Cicero, Cæsar, Suetonius, and other Latin classics.—F. M.
GRAF, Urse, one of the earliest Swiss engravers, was born at Basle about 1485. He was by profession a worker in gold, and he held the office of engraver of the dies to the mint at Basle; yet Bartsch enumerates a large number of etchings, engravings with the burin, and woodcuts by him, and Passavant says that many more are known. His manner is dry and quaint, resembling that of his German contemporaries, but shows a good deal of spirit and feeling. He engraved some of the designs of Albert Dürer, but mostly from his own. Several of his designs were engraved on wood by other engravers; ninety of them, drawn with a pen, are preserved in the museum at Basle. He was alive in 1524.—J. T—e.
GRAFF, Anton, German portrait painter, was born at Winterthur in Switzerland in 1736. He was a scholar of J. Haid and U. Schellenberg. After a brief residence at Augsburg, he settled in 1766 at Dresden, on being appointed painter to the king of Saxony. Anton Graff was one of the best portrait painters of his time in Germany, and a large number of his likenesses of eminent compatriots (as Mendelssohn, Gellert, and the like) have been reproduced by the engraver; he also painted a few landscapes. He died in 1803.—His son, Karl-Anton, born at Dresden in 1774, became, under the careful training of his father, an able and accomplished landscape painter. He died in 1832.—J. T—e.
GRAFF, Eberhard Gottlieb, a German linguist, was born at Elbing, 1780, and died at Berlin on the 18th October, 1841. After having studied at Königsberg, he successively became a master in various gymnasia, was appointed scholastic councillor, and in 1824 was translated to the chair of German language and literature at Königsberg. The results of his studies, which were chiefly directed to the old German language and literature, were published in his "Diutiska," 3 vols., and in his "Althochdeutscher Sprachschatz," which, after the author's death, was completed by Professor Massmann.—K. E.
GRAFIGNY, Françoise de, born at Nancy in 1694; died at Paris in 1758. She was married early to Hugo de Grafigny, chamberlain to the duke de Lorraine, a man of passions so violent as to approach insanity. She succeeded in obtaining a judicial separation from him, and went to reside in Paris. She published a novel which acquired some reputation and provoked some severe criticism. A second work—"Lettres d'une Peruvienne"—was more successful. She wrote several dramatic pieces, many of them for the court of Vienna, where they were performed before the emperor, from whom she had a pension. The Academy of Florence paid her the compliment of making her an associate.—J. A., D.
GRAFTON, Augustus Henry Fitzroy, Duke of, born in 1735. In 1757, by the death of his grandfather, he succeeded to the title. In 1765 he became secretary of state under the marquis of Rockingham. In May, 1766, he resigned; but in the same summer returned to office as first lord of the treasury in Pitt's administration. The illness of the latter, then Lord Chatham, made the duke virtually premier. The cabinet was strengthened by the accession of the duke of Bedford's followers and of Lord North; but Chatham's retirement in October, 1768, so weakened the duke, that his proposal to repeal entirely the American duties was rejected by his own cabinet in May, 1769. The consequence was the opposition, in the next year, of Chatham, the defection of Lord Chancellor Camden, and very soon the premier's own resignation. As minister he displayed much practical sagacity and sincerity, but without power of systematic application. Every blot in his conduct was marked and blackened by Junius. In 1771 he accepted the privy seal; but in 1775 he again retired, renewing a strict alliance with Lord Chatham in opposition to the American war. Offers were made him by Lord North. In 1783 it was to him that the younger Pitt first applied. For many years before his death he continued in opposition. In 1768 he had been elected chancellor of the university of Cambridge. Later he became a Unitarian, and amused his leisure with composing "Hints submitted to the Clergy, Nobility, and Gentry newly associated;" and a work called "Apeleutherus;" and with publishing an edition of Griesbach's Greek Testament. He died, March 1, 1811.—W. S., L.
GRAFTON, Richard, one of the series of English chroniclers, first comes into view as a printer in the reign of Henry VIII., under whom he was imprisoned in the Fleet for having reprinted the version known as Matthew's Bible. On the accession of Edward VI., he was appointed printer to the king, with the exclusive privilege of printing prayer-books, primers, and acts of parliament. In 1548 he published a new edition of Hall's Chronicle, entitled "The Union of the Two Noble Families of Lancaster and York," with a continuation bringing down the narrative of events from 1532, where Hall stopped, to 1547. For printing the proclamation issued after Edward's death, declaring the Lady Jane Grey to have succeeded to the crown, he was deprived under Mary of his patent as printer, and committed to prison. While there, or while debarred from the exercise of his calling, he compiled an "Abridgment of the Chronicles of England," which first appeared in 1562, and was reprinted in the two following years, and again in 1572. In 1569 he published his compilation entitled "Chronicle at Large and Meere History of the Affayres of England." It appears that he took a lively interest in Edward VI.'s hospitals, and himself superintended the erection of the buildings. The precise date of his death is unknown; the last thing recorded of him is his having broken his leg in the year 1572. Strype thinks that he died poor.—T. A.
GRAHAM, the name of an ancient and powerful Scottish family, the head of which is the duke of Montrose. The monkish writers allege that the Grahams can trace their descent from a fabulous personage called Græme, who is said to have commanded the army of Fergus II. in 404, to have been governor of the kingdom in the minority of Eugene, and in 420 to have made a breach in the wall which the Emperor Severus had erected between the firth of Forth and the Clyde, and which derived from the Scottish warrior the name of Græme's Dyke. The "gallant Grahams," as they are termed in Scottish ballad and song, do not require the aid of fable to increase their fame, for few families can boast of more historical renown. Like most of the great old Scottish houses, the Grahams are of Anglo-Norman origin, and settled in Scotland during the twelfth century. The first eminent member of the family was the famous Sir John Graham of Dundaff, "the hardy wight and wise," still fondly remembered as the bosom friend of the great Scottish patriot Wallace. He fell at the battle of Falkirk, 22nd July, 1298. His tombstone in the churchyard of that town bears the following inscription .—
" Mente manuque potens, et Vallace fidus Achates,
Conditur hic Gramus, bello interfectus ab Anglis."
The family possessions lie in the counties of Dumbarton and Stirling; but Sir David Graham obtained the estate of Montrose from King Robert Bruce in exchange for Cardross on the Firth of Clyde, where the restorer of Scottish independence
