a treaty with the parliament, while at the same time he encouraged Montrose to persevere in his enterprise. The marquis accordingly embarked at Hamburg in the spring of 1650, accompanied by a slender force, and landed on one of the Orkney islands. He then passed over to the mainland, and marching southward, fell into ambuscade laid for him by Colonel Strachan at a place called Drumcarbisdale, near the borders of Ross-shire (27th April). Nearly the whole of his small army were killed or taken prisoners. The marquis himself escaped from the field, but soon after fell into the hands of Macleod of Assynt, who delivered him up to the Estates. The parliament resolved to dispense with the form of a trial, and to execute him upon a sentence passed in 1644, which was studiously aggravated by every species of insult. He reached Edinburgh on the 18th of May, and on the 21st was hanged on a gibbet thirty feet high at the cross of the city. He bore the indignities heaped upon him with a firmness and dignity which excited general admiration. His head was affixed to an iron spike on the tolbooth, his limbs were placed over the gates of the four principal towns in Scotland, and the trunk was buried in the borough-muir under the gallows. At the Restoration the scattered members of the hero's body were collected and interred with great pomp in the tomb of his grandfather in St. Giles' church. The "great marquis," as he is termed, was unquestionably one of the most distinguished men of his age; and was not only a great soldier, but a poet and a scholar, and wrote and spoke clearly and eloquently. The cardinal de Retz declared that Montrose was a hero worthy of a place among the great men recorded in the pages of Plutarch. He was only in his thirty-seventh year at his death.—(Memorials of Montrose and his Times, by Mark Napier.)
Graham, John, Viscount Dundee, was the eldest son of Sir William Graham of Claverhouse, near Dundee, and was remotely connected with the family of Montrose. He was born about 1643, and was educated at the university of St. Andrews, where he was patronized by Archbishop Sharp, and is said to have shown some taste for mathematics and for the somewhat incongruous study of Highland poetry. On leaving the university, he entered the French service as a volunteer, and afterwards became a cornet in the Dutch guards. He returned to Scotland in 1677, and was shortly after appointed by Charles II. to the command of one of three troops of horse, which he had newly raised for the purpose of enforcing conformity to the established church. Claverhouse was sent to the west country, and invested with full powers to put to death all who were found in arms; and to disperse, at the point of the sword, all field-meetings for public worship. Armed with this authority, he marched from Glasgow with his dragoons for the purpose of dispersing a field-meeting on the 1st of June, 1679, at Drumclog, in the parish of Avondale, near Loudonhill; but the covenanters offered a stout resistance, and after a short, though fierce struggle, he was defeated, with the loss of forty of his men. He fled to Glasgow with all speed; but though he succeeded in repulsing an attack which the victors made upon that city, he soon after withdrew to Edinburgh, leaving the covenanters masters of the west country. He returned in the train of the duke of Monmouth, took part in the battle of Bothwell Bridge (22nd June), and, burning with revenge for his defeat at Drumclog, made great slaughter among the unresisting fugitives. In 1682, Claverhouse was appointed sheriff of Wigton; and two years later he was sworn a privy councillor, made captain of the royal regiment of horse, and obtained a gift from the king of the estate of Dudhope, and the constabularyship of Dundee. He had earned these honours and rewards by his merciless rapacity and cruelty towards the covenanters, multitudes of whom he put to death in cold blood, and with circumstances of peculiar barbarity. His murder of John Brown of Priesthill in particular, has contributed, probably more than any other of his crimes, to make the name of Claverhouse execrated by the Scottish people down to the present hour. Shortly after the accession of James VII., Claverhouse was raised to the rank of major-general; and in November, 1688, was created a peer by the title of Viscount Dundee and Lord Graham of Claverhouse. By this time William of Orange had landed in England, and Dundee recommended to James a course of policy at once bold and sagacious, which, however, he had neither the courage nor wisdom to follow. On the flight of the king, Dundee promised to submit to the new government, and obtained from William the promise of protection, and an escort of cavalry to convey him in safety down to Scotland. On reaching Edinburgh, however, he took active measures to revive the drooping spirits of the Jacobite party and to thwart the proposal to confer the crown on William and Mary; but finding that the great majority of the members of convention were hostile to the fallen monarch, and dreading the vengeance of the western covenanters, who crowded the capital, he suddenly quitted the city at the head of his troopers, and retired to his country seat near Dundee. Afterwards, on learning that a warrant was issued for his apprehension, he took refuge in the Highlands (March, 1689). In the course of the next three months he succeeded in raising a powerful army, mainly composed of the Macdonalds, Macleans, Camerons, and other jacobite and popish clans, and marching upon Blair in Athol, took up an advantageous position immediately beyond the pass of Killiecrankie, where General Mackay, who had been sent to suppress the insurrection, at the head of three thousand foot and two troops of horse, gave him battle (July 27th). The encounter was brief but bloody; a panic seized the royal troops; they fled in irretrievable disorder, and the greater part of them were killed or taken prisoners. Dundee was mortally wounded by a musket-ball, and died in a few minutes. His body, which was stripped by some of his own followers, was ultimately buried in the church of Blair; but no monument marks the spot, and the building has long ago disappeared. Dundee was distinguished by his courage and military skill, but he was still more notorious for his cruelty, rapacity, and profanity, and in spite of the attempts which have from time to time been made by a certain class of writers to emblazon his character with the colourings of poetry and romance, his memory is held in utter and merited abhorrence "wherever the Scottish race is settled on the face of the globe."—J. T.
GRAHAM, George, an English watchmaker and mechanic, and one of the greatest improvers of the art of horology, was born at Horsgills in the parish of Kirklinton and county of Cumberland in 1675, and died in London on the 20th of November, 1751. At the age of thirteen he was bound apprentice to a watchmaker in London, and after completing his apprenticeship he was employed under the celebrated Tompion, whose principal assistant he continued to be for some time. When established in business independently, Graham rose to be the most distinguished amongst all his contemporaries, for originality in contriving, and skill and accuracy in making, not only clocks and watches, but astronomical instruments. Amongst other instruments of this class, he made a mural circle for Greenwich observatory, a zenith sector used by Bradley in observing the fixed stars, and the instruments used by the French expedition which set out in 1735 to measure an arc of the meridian in the arctic regions. He was also, by the desire of Charles Boyle, earl of Orrery, the first to make a machine of the kind since known by the name of that nobleman. Graham's most important invention was the "dead-beat escapement," a piece of mechanism for diminishing to the smallest possible amount the disturbing action of the wheelwork of a clock upon the time of oscillation of its pendulum. Next to the invention of the pendulum, this must be regarded as the most important improvement in horology. Graham also invented a dead-beat escapement for watches, called the "horizontal" or "cylinder escapement," and a form of compensation pendulum, well known as the "mercurial pendulum," in which the bob consists of a mass of mercury contained in a cylindrical vessel, and by its upward expansion with heat, counteracts the effect of the downward expansion of the pendulum rod on the rate of the clock. He discovered the hourly variation of the direction of the magnetic needle. On the above and other scientific subjects he wrote various papers, which were published in the Philosophical Transactions, vols. xxxi. to xlii. Graham is described as having been of a sincere, confiding, and generous character. He was a member of the Society of Friends. His body is buried in Westminster abbey beside that of his master and friend, Tompion.—W. J. M. R.
GRAHAM, Sir James Robert George, Right Honourable and Baronet, who has filled the important offices of secretary of state for the home department and first lord of the admiralty, was born on his paternal estate of Netherby in Cumberland in the June of 1792. The heir to a baronetcy and to large landed property, he was educated at Westminster school and Cambridge university. At an early age he made his début in public life as secretary to Lord Montgomery, then our representative in Sicily, and continued to discharge the same duties under Lord
