rest of his life. On the death of Frederick William I. in 1740, the task devolved upon Graun to write the music for his obsequies. In this year the new king sent him to Italy to select a company of singers for the court opera in Berlin; he remained there for many months, visited all the principal cities, and everywhere made a powerful impression by his singing. Returned to Berlin, he produced in 1741 his first Italian opera, "Rodelinda," and from that time till three years before his death, he brought out one opera or more in every year; such preference, indeed, was shown for his music, as to make other composers complain that their works were excluded on account of it. At Berlin he wrote also the short oratorio of "Der Tod Jesu," by which and by his "Te Deum" (composed in 1756 to celebrate the battle of Prague) he is best known in this country. Graun is regarded in Germany as second only to Hasse in his influence on the establishment of the national opera; and this estimation is founded equally upon the great number of his productions, and upon the popularity they obtained. Much as Frederick the Great admired his music—and this he proved, not only by his preference for it, but by occasionally writing in French the words of operas to be translated for him to set, and once participating the composition of an opera with him—he liked his singing still better.—G. A. M.
GRAUNT, Edward. See Grant.
GRAUNT, John, F.R.S., founder of the science of political arithmetic in England, was born April 24, 1620, in Birchin Lane, London. After receiving a very meagre education, he was apprenticed to a haberdasher in London, and on the expiry of his indenture commenced trading on his own account, gradually rose in the esteem of his fellow-citizens, became a member of the common council, a captain, and afterwards major of the train bands. He was on terms of the greatest intimacy with Dr. (afterwards Sir William) Petty, who is said to have given him many useful hints respecting the composition of his book. His "Observations on the Bills of Mortality" was published in 1661, and met with extraordinary success. Louis XIV. of France adopted his plans for the systematic registering of births and deaths; and Charles II. had so high an opinion of his abilities, that soon after the institution of the Royal Society, his majesty recommended him as a member, saying, "If they could find any more such tradesmen, they should admit them all." He was accordingly elected, February, 1662. A second edition of Graunt's work was speedily called for, and a third edition was executed by the society's printer by a special order of council in 1665. He subsequently retired from business, and in 1666 the countess of Clarendon appointed him one of her trustees for the management of the New River Company, in which capacity he has been accused by Burnet, but most unjustly, of having stopped the supply of water on the Saturday before the great fire. Sir William Petty, to whom he left all his papers, published a fifth edition of Graunt's work in 1676, adding much valuable matter.—W. H. P. G.
GRAVELOT, Hubert François, French engraver and designer, was born at Paris, March 26, 1699; studied design under Restout, and established himself in London about 1732 as designer, modeller, and engraver. He found much employment in all these departments, but returned to Paris in 1745, set up as a teacher of drawing, and etched many plates. He died April 20, 1773. Among the works he executed in England were drawings for Vertue's Monuments, and etchings for Hanmers' and Theobald's editions of Shakspeare; but his best plate is a large engraving of Kirkstall abbey. In Paris he designed the illustrations to Panckoucke's great edition of Voltaire, and others for editions of Racine and Marmontel.—J. T—e.
GRAVEROL, François, an eminent French lawyer and antiquary of the protestant persuasion, was born at Nismes, according to some accounts, in the beginning of 1635, and according to other authorities, on the 11th January, 1644. He was distinguished for his profound acquaintance with classical and modern languages, and wrote a variety of works on jurisprudence and numismatics. He endeavoured to escape from France on the revocation of the edict of Nantes, but was arrested at Valence, imprisoned, and compelled outwardly to abjure his religion. He then returned to Nismes, where he died in 1694.—His brother Jean was a protestant minister at Lyons; but during the religious persecution he effected his escape to London, where he exercised the ministerial office, and died in 1718, leaving behind him several learned controversial works.—G. BL.
* GRAVES, Charles, fellow of Trinity college, Dublin, a distinguished mathematician and Irish antiquary, born in Dublin, November 6, 1812, grandson of Thomas Graves, the accomplished dean of Ardfert, and grandnephew of Richard Graves, dean of Ardagh. His father, John Crosbie Graves, a man of excellent judgment and fine taste, directed his education. Charles exhibited the hereditary talent of the family. Entering Trinity college, Dublin, in 1829, he at once attained distinction, and carried away the highest honours during his course; obtaining a scholarship in 1832 and a mathematical gold medal in 1834, and in his twenty-fourth year a fellowship; subsequently to which he took priest's orders. In 1841 he published a translation of Chasles' Memoir on Cones and Spherical Cones, with an appendix by himself, containing a brief essay on spherical co-ordinates, which is a class-book in the collegiate course. In 1843 he was appointed to the chair of mathematics, succeeding the celebrated M'Cullagh. Here he applied himself energetically to the advancement of mathematical science, especially by his lectures on the higher branches of mathematics delivered to the candidates for fellowships. Of the value and excellence of these a cordial recognition has been given by Charles in the preface to his Traité de Geométrie Supérieure. He also laid the foundation of the study of the calculus of operations in the university of Dublin, a department scarcely as yet cultivated in other countries. Dr. Graves is a distinguished member of the Royal Irish Academy, acted as its secretary, and has for many years contributed largely to its Proceedings, both in science and literature. Amongst his contributions there is a paper on a system of "Algebraic Triplets" devised by him, having for its object the representation of lines in space by means of trinomial expressions involving imaginaries of the nature of cube roots of unity. We may observe that this method is entirely distinct from Sir William Hamilton's system of quaternions. The latter is more fertile and adapts itself to the existing geometry; Dr. Graves' theory suggests a geometry of its own. At the same time he cordially co-operates with Sir William Hamilton in teaching the calculus of quaternions. Dr. Graves, too, has given proofs of geometrical skill by the invention of elegant theorems relating to the rectification of arcs of curves, and the properties of shortest lines on surfaces. To the investigation of the antiquities and ancient language of Ireland Dr. Graves has devoted much time and attention, and has made valuable contributions to them. He has fixed the date of "The Book of Armagh," a.d. 804—an Irish MS. of the New Testament; and, by the help of a method described in the Proceedings of the Academy, deciphered the Ogham inscriptions on ancient monuments. Dr. Graves has thus discovered the key supposed to be lost, but really preserved in Irish MSS. On this subject he is still extensively engaged. Dr. Graves has discovered a principle in the arrangement of the raths or fortified residences of the ancient Irish, which is likely to lead to important results in establishing the ancient geography of the country. In 1851 he published a short pamphlet containing suggestions relative to the publication of the Brehon Laws, to the commission for which he was appointed secretary by the government, and charged with the superintendence of the work. In 1860 he was appointed dean of the chapel royal, and elected president of the Royal Irish Academy in March, 1861. Dr. Graves has read much, thought much, and done much—much by what he has written, and more still by his zealous and untiring efforts to promote science and literature in general.—J. F. W.
GRAVES, Richard, was born at Mickleton in Gloucestershire in 1715. He was educated at Pembroke college, Oxford, and obtained a fellowship at All Souls. Having taken orders and married, he was, about 1750, appointed rector of Claverton near Bath, and there spent the remainder of his long and unobtrusive life, fulfilling the duties of his office, instructing private pupils, and devoting his leisure hours to literary pursuits. Although a voluminous author, and one not wanting either in ability or vivacity, all his works are now forgotten, with, perhaps, the solitary exception of his "Spiritual Quixote," 1772. He died at Claverton in 1804.—W. J. P.
GRAVES, Richard, D.D., was born on the 1st of October, 1763, at Kilfarran in the county of Limerick, of which place his father was vicar. His elder brother, Thomas, afterwards dean of Ardfert, an accomplished scholar and an elegant preacher, prepared Richard for the university. His course in Trinity college, Dublin, was most distinguished. "I start," said he, "from the post for a fellowship;" accordingly he obtained all the highest collegiate honours both in science and classics in his undergra-
