he retired from the house of commons, but returned to it in 1799 as member for the town of Wicklow, for the special purpose of contributing all his aid to oppose the union of the two kingdoms. That great measure was, however, carried by Mr. Pitt in 1800, and five years afterwards Grattan entered the imperial parliament as member for the English borough of Malton. In 1806 he was again elected for Dublin, and on the accession of Mr. Fox and the whigs to power he was offered but declined the appointment of chancellor of the exchequer for Ireland, as he had in two instances previously refused office under the government of Ireland; his ambition, as he said, being "to be consulted, but not considered." His course in the commons of the United Kingdom, if less renowned than his previous services in the constitutional struggles of his own country, was marked by the same consistent adherence to the great principle of civil and political liberty. Intently earnest in advancing the cause of Roman catholic emancipation, he left Ireland in the summer of 1820 to be present in parliament on the renewal of the often baffled struggle; but death had already laid his hand upon him. He reached London in a dying state, mortification having set in during the journey, and on the 14th May he expired. His remains were interred in Westminster Abbey, and on the occasion of moving the writ to fill the vacancy occasioned by his death. Sir James Macintosh, in the course of a well-merited eulogium, described Grattan as one of the few individual men whose personal virtues were rewarded by public fame, "one as eminent in his observances of all the duties of private life as heroic in the discharge of his public obligations." As a patriot Grattan's greatest victories were won at that early age when ordinary men are but entering on a career; and it was his grand distinction that without violence he had achieved for his country a revolution as signal in all its consequences as it was bloodless in its origin. As an orator he had to surmount by the earnestness of his eloquence the disadvantages of a delicate frame, inelegant action, and an indifferent voice. But such was his ardour and animation—such the point of his argument, the clearness of his enunciation, and the force of his invective—that opponents shrunk before him; and his fellow-countrymen, swayed by his reasoning, and captivated by his rhetoric, hailed him at once as their advocate and idol. In 1782 he married Henrietta Fitzgerald, a descendant of the earls of Desmond, by whom he left two sons, James and Henry, both representatives of Irish constituencies in the imperial parliament, and two daughters, the youngest of whom became countess of Carnwath. Of his speeches various collections have appeared, and his life has been written by his son, the late member for the county of Meath, and published in five volumes, with copious extracts from his letters and those of his correspondents.—J. E. T.
GRATTAN, Thomas Colley, was born at Clayton Lodge, in the county of Kildare in Ireland, towards the end of the eighteenth century. His family was a branch of the ancient stock which came from England in the previous century, and of which Henry Grattan was a scion; his mother's family, that of Colley, had taken the name of Wellesley, from which the great Duke sprang. Young Grattan was educated at Athy, and intended for the profession of an attorney—that of his father—and in due time apprenticed in Dublin. But his tastes were altogether literary, dramatic, and military, and so he scorned parchments, kicked down his office stool, and declared his predilection for the army. A commission in the militia was obtained, whence, after some time, he got into the line, and joined at Valenciennes. The war was, however, by this time concluded, and Grattan determined to join the patriots in South America, and accordingly took his passage for Bordeaux, en route to Venezuela. On the voyage he formed an attachment to Miss O'Donnell, which ended in their marriage and the abandonment of the South American project; and Grattan settled down in France and commenced authorship. His first essay was in poetry. "Philibert," a poetical romance, was published in 1819, founded on the history of the false Martin Guerre, reported in the Causes Celebres. It ran through two editions, yet the author purchased it up and committed it to the flames. Grattan now removed to Paris, and associated with the celebrities of the day, Moore and Irving, De Berenger, Lamartine, and many others, and was a constant contributor to, the Westminster and Edinburgh Reviews, and to the New Monthly Magazine, then edited by Campbell. By the advice of Irving, who recognized his talents, Grattan put together the memoranda of some of his tours. These he offered to four publishers successively, by whom they were rejected. He threw them aside in despair. Chance, however, brought them under the notice of a literary friend who procured him a publisher, and the first series of "Highways and Byways" issued from the press of Whittaker. Their success was immediate and decisive. They hit off the public taste, and were read everywhere. "There is," says a critic in the Dublin University Magazine, "a wonderful charm in these volumes which takes captive the imagination, the intellect, and the feelings." Grattan's reputation was now considerable; several publishers made offers for similar tales, and two new series speedily followed. Grattan now came before the public as a dramatic author. Some years previously he had written a tragedy, "Ben Nazir the Saracen," for Kean, with whom he was intimate. It was put on the stage in 1827. It possessed considerable merit, and would probably have been successful had it received justice at the hands of Kean. But the great tragedian was no longer what he had been; his health was enfeebled, and though he studied his part well, he broke down in the representation, and the play was a failure. Grattan now embarked in a speculation and was ruined. He went to Brussels, applied diligently to literary labour, and published "Traits of Travel," which was well received; and "The Heiress of Bruges," one of the best historico-romantic novels of the day. After these came "The History of the Netherlands," a work of standard merit which still holds it place. In the revolution of 1830 his house was consumed, and he lost all his property. He took refuge in the Hague, where he wrote "Jacqueline of Holland." His next work was the "Legends of the Rhine," and in the meantime he was a constant contributor to the British and Foreign Review. Then came the last and perhaps the best of his novels, "Agnes de Mansfeldt." One of his latest works is entitled "Civilized America," and "The Woman of Colour," a drama which had some success, is also from his pen. In 1839 Grattan was appointed British consul to the states of Massachusetts and repaired to Boston, where he devoted himself assiduously to the duties of his office; yet he occasionally resumed his pen, especially for the purpose of promoting the interests of the Irish in America. Resigning his consulship in favour of his son, he returned to Europe, and was made a gentleman of the privy chamber in the queen's household. He died 4th July, 1864—J. F. W.
GRAUN, Carl Heinrich, a musician, was born at Wahrenbrück, near Dresden, in 1701, where his father, August, was receiver-general of excise; he died at Berlin, August 8, 1759. He was the youngest of three brothers, all of whom were devoted to music. The eldest, August Friedrich, was magister and cantor of the cathedral at Merseburg; he died in 1771. The second, Johann Gottlieb, was born in 1698; he accompanied his brother Carl to the college of the Cross at Dresden in 1713, where he studied, together with him, singing under Grundig, the organ and harpsichord under Pezold, and the violin under Piesendel. Being most interested in this last branch of his art, Johann afterwards went to Italy, to cultivate it under the tuition of Tartini. In 1726 he received the appointment of concertmeister at Merseburg, and he was afterwards engaged in the same capacity by the prince of Prussia, subsequently Frederick the Great, in whose service he remained till his death, October 21, 1771. He was esteemed as a violinist, and was an extensive composer, chiefly of instrumental music. Carl, on parting from his brother, studied counterpoint with J. C. Schmidt, kapellmeister to the king of Poland; and he profited greatly as a singer from hearing the chief members of an Italian company engaged at Dresden in 1719. He now composed a very great amount of church music, including an Easter oratorio and services for an entire year. He was engaged in 1725 as principal tenor at the opera in Brunswick. Being dissatisfied with the music allotted to him in the work in which he was to make his first appearance, he recomposed the airs of his own part; and these pleased so greatly that he was appointed to write an opera for the season of the fair, and produced his "Polydore" accordingly. He followed this with several other works, all set to German words, for the Brunswick opera; he wrote also a large number of solo-cantatas for his own singing, which are much esteemed; and he continued to write voluminously for the church, and besides many other pieces, composed a Christmas oratorio and the music for the funeral of the duke of Brunswick. In 1735 the prince of Prussia, already the patron of his brother, engaged Carl in the capacity of kapellmeister, and retained him in this office for the
