of the borough of St. Alban's, and recorder of Harwich; and continued to represent Colchester in parliament. He married twice, his second wife being daughter of Sir Nathaniel Bacon, niece of the great Lord Bacon, and widow of Sir Thomas Meautys. Through her the estate of Gorhambury passed into his family, now represented by the earl of Verulam, a descendant of Sir Harbottle's granddaughter Mary. The old judge came from a long-lived family—his great-grandfather lived to be ninety-eight, his grandfather eighty-six, his father seventy-eight; he himself died in his ninetieth year, on the 31st December, 1683, and was buried in the chancel of St. Michael's church, St. Alban's. He published the reports of his father-in-law. Judge Croke, in 3 vols. fol.—(Burnet; Morant's Essex; Clutterbuck's Herts; Cromwell's Letters and Speeches, by Carlyle.)—R. H.
GRINDALL, Edward, D.D., Archbishop of Canterbury, was born in 1519 at Helsingham, a small village in Cumberland. He was educated at Magdalen college, Christ's college, and Pembroke hall, Cambridge; became a fellow of Pembroke hall in 1538; and was made president or vice-master in 1549. He was also chosen Lady Margaret's preacher, and distinguished himself so much by his learning and piety that in 1551 he was appointed one of his majesty's chaplains. In 1552 he obtained a stall in Westminster abbey, which, however, he resigned to Dr. Bonner, whom he afterwards succeeded in the bishopric of London. On the accession of Mary in 1553 Grindall fled to Strasburg, where he resided for some years, and made himself master of the German tongue in order to preach in the churches there. On the accession of Elizabeth in 1558 he returned to England, assisted in compiling the new Liturgy, and was one of the eight protestant divines chosen to hold a public dispute with the popish prelates. He was likewise, on account of his great talent for preaching, generally appointed to that duty on all public occasions. In 1559, when Dr. John Young was removed from the mastership of Pembroke hall for refusing the oath of supremacy, Grindall was appointed to succeed him, and in the same year he was nominated to the bishopric of London, vacant by the deposition of Bonner. In 1560 he was made one of the ecclesiastical commissioners to inquire into the manners of the clergy, and regulate all matters of the church. In 1562 he resigned the mastership of Pembroke hall, finding that in consequence of non-residence he could not conscientiously discharge the duties. In executing the queen's command for exacting uniformity in the clergy, he proceeded so tenderly in his mission that the prelates supposed him inclined to their party; but he brought several nonconformists to compliance by his mild persuasions, and by publishing a letter of Henry Bullinger, minister of Zurich in Switzerland, to prove the lawfulness of doing so. In 1570, by the influence of Secretary Cecil and Archbishop Parker, he was translated to the archiepiscopal see of York; and on the death of Parker, Cecil, then lord treasurer, recommended him to the see of Canterbury, in which he was confirmed on the 15th February, 1575. In the following year he incurred the queen's displeasure by refusing, on conscientious grounds, to suppress meetings among the clergy for what was called "the exercise of prophesying." Grindall, after being allowed a decent time to consider his conduct, was by order of the star-chamber confined to his house, and his see sequestered. He was never deprived, however, and continued to be consulted on all affairs of importance connected with the metropolitan duties. He exercised even many of the functions and much of the authority of bishop. In a convocation which met at St. Paul's in 1580, it was moved that no business should be entered upon, nor any subsidy granted, till it was restored; but ultimately it was thought more prudent to present a petition in his favour. This was not immediately granted, but several of his proceedings show that he was in full possession of the primacy in 1582. In that year he lost his sight, and resigned his see into the hands of the queen, who granted him a pension. With this pension he retired to Croydon, where he died, July 3, 1583. Grindall was an elegant preacher, a man of sincere piety, and great benevolence and moderation. He is said to have assisted Fox in his Martyrology, but left in his own name only a few sermons and religious treatises.—G. BL.
GRISAUNT, William, an English physician, astronomer, and astrologer, who flourished about the middle of the fourteenth century.—W. J. M. R.
* GRISEBACH, August Heinrich Rudolf, an eminent German botanist, professor of botany in the university of Göttingen. Among his publications are the following—"Observations on Gentianaceæ;" "Journey through Rumelia and Brussa in 1839;" "Flora of Rumelia and Bithynia;" "Resumé of the progress of Botanical Geography in 1843 and 1844;" "Flora of the British West Indian Islands."—J. H. B.
* GRISI, Giulietta, the most distinguished singer of our time, was born at Milan in 1812. Her father was the brother of the celebrated Madame Grassini. Her sister Giuditta was also an eminent singer. Giuditta was born at Milan in 1805, quitted her successful public career on her marriage with the count di Barni in 1833, und died at Robecco in 1840. Ernesta, a third sister, was a vocalist of moderate pretensions. Giulietta made her first public appearance at Bologna in 1828, in Rossini's opera of Zelmira. She owed less of her great ability to any regular course of instruction than to her natural quickness in profiting from the example of the best singers of the day, until she became the pupil of Marliani the composer, whom she followed to Paris in 1832, where she made a most successful debut in Semiramide in the October of that year. She first came to London in 1834, and appeared in La Gazza Ladra, when she at once took the leading position she still holds with the English public. The most important operas, in which she has been one of the original representatives, are Bellini's Norma, in which she first played Adalgisa; the same composer's Puritani, in which she first played Elvira; and Donizetti's Don Pasquali, in which she first played Norina.—G. A. M.
GRISWOLD, Rufus Wilmot, D.D., a miscellaneous writer, was born in the state of Vermont, February 15, 1815. He devoted himself at an early period of life to some of the departments in which he afterwards became distinguished among his countrymen. He also took to travel, and passed some time in making careful observations upon men and manners. Having been brought under the influence of religious principles, he resolved upon devoting himself to the work of the ministry; and his views upon the subject of baptism had associated him with the American baptists, among whom are many distinguished men. In this denomination he became a minister, but his literary tastes overcame his ministerial predilections. He had already become connected with the serial press, and had contributed various miscellaneous articles to different journals, among which may be enumerated Brother Jonathan, the New Yorker, and the New World. In New York, Boston, and Philadelphian periodicals, he made his earliest reputation. In 1842 he issued "The Poets and Poetry of America," in an octavo volume, which was received with satisfaction by the best critics. About the same time he founded Graham's Magazine, and edited the New York Biographical Annual. In 1847 he published "Prose Writers of America, with a survey of the history, condition, and prospects of American Literature." Of the preliminary essay the American Review said, it was a "kindly-written melange, covering almost everything that has ever been done with a pen in this country, whether in way of history, ethics, metaphysics, journalism, fiction, or the like, with a philosophical, critical, instructive, careless, rambling, good-natured analysis." This work was followed by "Washington and the Generals of the American Revolution;" and in 1848 by "Napoleon and the Marshals of the Empire." In 1849 appeared "The Female Poets of America," some of whose articles evince considerable scholarship and literary dexterity. The same features characterize his other works, as his "Poets and Poetry of England in the Nineteenth Century;" his "Sacred Poets of England and America;" and his "Curiosities of American Literature." America owes him a debt of gratitude for his untiring exertions in the cause of national literature. He has also written sermons and poems. Austin Alibone says that in addition to the works in his list. Dr. Griswold "gave to the world from time to time, without his name, partly or entirely written by himself, six or eight works on history and biography, a novel, seven discourses on historical and philosophical subjects, and contributions to magazines and newspapers sufficient to fill a dozen octavo volumes." He died August 27, 1857.—B. H. C.
GRITTI, Andrea, the seventy-eighth doge of Venice, born in 1454, succeeded the learned Antonio Grimani in 1523, and died in 1538.
GROCYN, William, "one of the revivers of literature," was born at Bristol in 1442, and was educated at Winchester school and New college, Oxford. In 1479 he was presented by his college to the rectory of Newton Longville, Buckinghamshire, and in 1485 he was made a prebendary of Lincoln. He also
