Elizabeth Fry; "Biblical Notes and Critical Dissertations;" "Address to the Mechanics of Manchester;" "Hints on the Portable Evidence of Christianity;" "Essay on the Habitual Exercise of Love to God;" "Thoughts on Habit and Discipline;" "Sabbatical Verses;" "A Winter in the West Indies;" "The Papal and Hierarchical System compared with the Religion of the New Testament." He died, after a short illness, in the beginning of the year 1847, in his fifty-ninth year. His life, edited by Joseph Bevan Braithwaite, has been published in two vols. 8vo.—B., L. I.
GURWOOD, Colonel John, a distinguished military officer who served under the duke of Wellington in several campaigns, is best known as the editor of the illustrious general's memorable despatches, the publication of which, in thirteen volumes, was completed in 1838. Mr. Gurwood was originally placed in a merchant's counting-house; but being disappointed in love, he turned his thoughts to the army. In 1808 he entered the 52nd foot as ensign, and served with that regiment in the peninsula until June, 1812. He soon became conspicuous for gallantry, even in Wellington's gallant army. No less than three times was he the leader of the forlorn hope. In April, 1811, he was severely wounded at Sabugal. At the assault of Ciudad Rodrigo he led the forlorn hope at the lesser breach, and received a wound in the skull from a musket-ball, to the effects of which upon his declining health his melancholy death was attributed. It was on this occasion that he captured the governor of the citadel. General Banier, in a manner that equally surprised both prisoner and captor. Gurwood being the first to mount the breach, leaped from the walls, and succeeded in cutting his way, almost single-handed, to the quarters of a French general officer, whom he found intently poring over a written plan of defence, with his sword lying on the table beside him. Before the ruminating general had time to ascertain the character and object of the intruder, he found himself a prisoner, and his sword in Gurwood's possession. This sword was afterwards formally presented to the brave captor by the British commander-in-chief, with special permission always to wear it as a distinctive memorial of the gallant exploit he had performed. The crown also conferred upon Mr. Gurwood the right to add to his armorial bearings an honorary crest commemorative of the brave deed. In 1812 he was promoted to a company in the Royal African corps, and appointed aid-de-camp to Lord Edward Somerset. Afterwards, on exchanging to the 9th light dragoons, he was appointed brigade-major to the household cavalry. After the battle of Vittoria, he was removed to Lambert's brigade, in Clinton's division, which earned especial mention in the despatches, recounting the actions of Nivelle, Nive, Orthes, and Toulouse. Captain Gurwood was next appointed aid-de-camp to Sir Henry Clinton, second in command of the army in the Netherlands under the prince of Orange; and was afterwards, for a short time, deputy-assistant quarter-master-general at the prince's head-quarters. On resigning this situation, he was removed to the 10th hussars, after the court-martial on Colonel Quentin. He served through the campaign of 1815, and was again severely wounded at Waterloo. He was promoted to the brevet of major in March, 1817; to that of lieut.-colonel exactly ten years later; and attained the rank of full colonel in November, 1841. He was placed on the unattached list in July, 1830. The duke of Wellington made him his private secretary; and out of this connection arose the important publication of the Wellington Despatches, one of the most valuable contributions to the historical literature of the nineteenth century. To the satisfactory completion of this great work Colonel Gurwood devoted his best energies during the later years of his life. The degree of tension to which his faculties were strained by his editorial labours was painfully proved by the reaction which followed the termination of the work. His health was observed to fail. He had been subject to fainting fits, arising from the wound in his head; and although he thought little of them himself, some eminent army surgeons had expressed an opinion that they might one day prove fatal to him. He went to Brighton to try change of air, and there put an end to his life on the 25th of December, 1845. His remains were removed for interment to the vault of the Tower chapel. Tower Hill, he having held the office of deputy-lieutenant of the Tower of London by the appointment of the duke of Wellington. Besides the first edition of the Wellington Despatches, in 13 vols. 8vo, which appeared in 1835-38, there was one in 8 vols. royal 8vo, in 1843-48, and another in 1853, 8 vols. 8vo. In 1842 was published a single volume of selections, which was reprinted in 1850. Colonel Gurwood also compiled the general orders of the duke, 1809-18, which appeared in 1837. He likewise arranged the duke's speeches in parliament, which were published in 1853, in 2 vols.—R. H.
GUSMÂO, Bartholomeu Lourenço de, a Portuguese ecclesiastic and mechanical inventor, alleged to have been the first aeronaut, was born about 1677, and died in 1724. He was educated for the church at the university of Coimbra in Portugal, and for some time held a professorship of mathematics in Brazil. He is said to have invented a machine for flying in the air, and to have actually risen in it to a considerable height at Lisbon, on the 8th of August, 1709. So far as contemporary accounts of it can be believed or understood, it appears to have been a fire-balloon. It is stated that he was forbidden by the inquisition to carry his experiments further.—W. J. M. R.
GUSTAVUS I., King of Sweden, known under the name of Gustavus Wasa, born 12th March, 1490, at Lindholm in Upland, was the eldest son of Erik Johanson Wasa. His mother was descended from the Sturs. Gustavus was born in troublous times. Sweden, reduced to a dependency of Denmark by the treaty of Calmar, had thrown of the yoke; but though still under the government of a native regent, was on the point of succumbing to the ambition of Christian II. The elder Sten Stur, at that time regent of Sweden, sent him to school at Upsala, and in 1512 or 1514, being then accomplished in all the learning of the time, he went to the court of Sten Stur the Younger, where he became acquainted with Hemming Gadd, the learned bishop of Linköping, by whom his talents were still further cultivated. The military career of Gustavus began in 1517 at Dnfvenäs, but the following year he was traitorously carried off, with five other noble Swedes, prisoner to Denmark. He made his escape in the dress of a peasant and reached Flensburg, and afterwards, in the service of a cattle-dealer, found his way to Lübeck. The burgomaster of that town enabled him on the 21st of May, 1520, to reach Stensö, near Calmar, which at that time was blockaded by the Danes, but his attempts to rouse the people proving abortive, he fled to the peasants of Smaland, and thence to his brother-in-law's at Räfenäs, just before the most violent excesses of Christian II. transpired at Stockholm. In November, 1520, Christian was crowned king of Sweden in that city, and three days afterwards he ordered eighty-four persons of the first families of the kingdom to be beheaded, amongst whom was the father of Gustavus. The imprisonment of his mother and sisters, and the complete subjugation of his country followed, and finally, a price was set upon his own head by the tyrant. Gustavus fled to Dalecarlia, where, dressed as a peasant, with his hair cut short and an axe on his shoulder, he went from place to place seeking work. At length the tide turned in his favour, the Dalecarlians were prevailed on to take up arms, and were soon joined by a body of nobles from Stockholm, who drew along with them from all parts of the country crowds of artisans and peasants. Gustavus spent the early spring in disciplining his rude troops. In April he mustered them near Romfertuna church; the important town of Westeras speedily fell into their hands; three weeks later Upsala was taken; and, on 24th August, Gustavus, victorious in every encounter with the Danes, was appointed by a diet summoned at Wadstena, administrator of all Sweden. Stockholm was not taken, however, till June, 1523; but during the continuance of the siege the Swedish estates were convened at Strängnäs, and, not without much demur on his part, Gustavus was elected king. Soon after gaining possession of Stockholm he conquered Finland, and thus recovered the whole Swedish realm. At the same time he induced Frederik I., the new monarch of Denmark, to resign all his pretensions to Sweden; after which the two united in a common league against Christian, now as much detested in Denmark as he had been in Sweden. Gustavus laboured industriously for the well-being of his country, fortified and rebuilt various towns, improved the administration of the government, greatly extended the foreign trade of the nation, founded churches and schools and the university of Åbo, and induced various learned men to remove to Sweden. He also did much to promote the Reformation in Sweden. He died on the 29th of September, 1560.—M. H.
GUSTAVUS (II.) ADOLPHUS, grandson of Gustavus Wasa, and youngest son of Carl IX. and of the Princess Christina of Holstein, was born at Stockholm, 9th December, 1594. He was
