in the early part of the fourteenth century at Schiraz, a town situated near the Caspian Sea, where he appears to have resided during the greater portion of an uneventful life. His writings are not confined to poetry, but include works on jurisprudence and theology—the latter especially—his name, Hafitz, signifying a person who has learnt the Koran by heart. Some of his biographers assert that his youth was spent in pleasure and dissipation; but all agree that in maturity he became a strict devotee. Amongst other current tales of greater or less authenticity, it is said that he was violently attached to a girl named Sha'khi Nebat, and had for a rival the son of the prince of Schiraz. About the same time he made a vow to spend forty nights watching at a certain shrine, where, according to tradition, whosoever remained wakeful for forty consecutive nights was destined to become endowed with the gift of poesy. For thirty-nine nights Hafiz succeeded in repelling sleep; on the fortieth day he was invited by his mistress to pass the day with her; but her persuasions were unavailing to induce him to violate his vow, and parting from her at evening he triumphed in achieving his object. On the following morning he received as the reward of his perseverance a cup of nectar, which inspired him with the genius afterwards displayed in his verses. His subsequent marriage with Sha'khi Nebat entailed on him the lasting enmity of his unsuccessful rival the Prince Scha Schodjah. Though invited by the sultan of Bagdad to visit his court, Hafiz steadily refused to leave his native town, where he had a personal interview with Timar, who conquered Schiraz in 1387. Hafiz died the following year, and his remains still repose in a tomb of great magnificence, erected to the memory of the poet by the Sultan Kurreen Khan. His poems, after his decease, were collected and arranged by Seid Kazem Anvâri, under the title of the "Divan." This contains upwards of five hundred ghazels or odes, and cassidehs or elegies. The "Divan" has been translated into German by Von Hammer, and partially into English by Richardson and others. The admirers of Hafiz are divided into two parties, the one regarding his poems in a literal, the other in a figurative sense. By the former they are admitted to be licentious to a degree, singing of the pleasures of wine and love, and conferring on their author the title of the Anacreon of Persia. Those who regard his poems as figurative, amongst whom are the sect of Sûfis, maintain that they are allegorical of the "love of the creature to the Creator."—W. W. E. T.
HAFNER, Antonio, an Italian painter, born at Bologna in 1644, was a pupil of Canuti at Rome, but an imitator of Mitelli. He became a monk of the order of S. Filippo at Genoa, and about 1704 painted the churches of S. Filippo Neri and of S. Francesco in that city. He was called to Florence to decorate the chapel of the Medici, and with his brother Enrico painted the church of S. Luca, and the ornamental parts of that of Sta. Maria del Rifugio. Antonio Hafner was greatly admired for his freshness and delicacy of colour, but his style is that of the decline of Bolognese art. He died in 1732.—Enrico Hafner, his elder brother—born in 1640; died in 1702—was associated with him in his more important works, and though in less repute, possessed, according to Lanzi, more invention.—J. T—e.
HAGEDORN, Christian Ludwig von, brother of Fried. von Hagedorn, born at Hamburg, February 14, 1713, spent his early years at various courts as a secretary of legation. But his leisure was given to the study of art, and he soon became known as an accomplished amateur. His first book was entitled "Lettres à un Amateur de la Peinture avec des eclaircissements historiques," 1755, which was followed by his "Betrachtung über die Malerei" (Reflections upon Painting), 2 vols., Leipsic, 1762, a work of very considerable value, and which is believed to have led to his appointment in the following year, as director of the art academies of Dresden and Leipsic. Winkelmann highly eulogizes his services to the arts in Saxony. Hagedorn died at Dresden, January 24, 1780. A selection of Letters on Art by and to Hagedorn appeared at Leipsic in 2 vols. 8vo, in 1797.—J. T—e.
HAGEDORN, Friederich von, a distinguished German poet, was born at Hamburg, April 23, 1708, and studied law at Jena, where in 1729 he published the first collection of his poems. He then proceeded to London, where he was appointed secretary to the Danish legation, but soon resigned this post and returned to his native town. Here he became secretary to the English court, an appointment which, with a liberal income, afforded him sufficient leisure for devoting himself to poetry and the refined pleasures of society. He died at Hamburg, October 28, 1754. Hagedorn was no original genius, and had little creative power; but he excelled in his province of Anacreontic song, in which he often imitated French and English originals. The charms of nature, love, conviviality, and idyllic contentment, were the themes of his lyre, which he clothed in elegant rhythms, generally suitable for music. The tenderness of his feeling, and the elegance of his verse, gained him the surname of the Poet of the Graces. He also wrote poetic tales and epistles. His "Poetical Works" were edited by Eschenburg, 5 vols.—K. E.
HAGEK, HAJEK, or HAGECIUS, (also known by the name of Nemicus), Thaddaeus, a physician, geometer, and astronomer, was born at Prague in 1525, and died there in 1600. He was physician to the Emperors Maximilian XI. and Rudolph II. The most remarkable of his astronomical writings is an account of a temporary star, observed in 1573 and 1574. He also wrote a treatise, "De Cerevisiâ, ejusque conficiendi ratione" (On Beer, and the principles of its manufacture), Frankfort, 1585.—W. J. M. R.
HAGEN, Friederich Heinrich von der, a celebrated German antiquary, was born at Schmiedeberg, February 19, 1780, and died at Berlin, June 11, 1856. Since 1811 he occupied the chair of German literature in the university of Breslau, whence in 1821 he was translated in the same capacity to Berlin. He was one of the first to lay open, in numerous editions, commentaries, and treatises, the treasures of old and middle German poetry; and his editions of the Niebelungen, the Heldenbuch of Gottfried von Strasburg, and the Manesse collection, although superseded by later and more accurate investigations, will always command the esteem of German antiquaries.—K. E.
* HAGEN, Gotthelf Heinrich, an eminent Prussian civil engineer, was born at Königsberg on the 3rd of March, 1797. In 1826 he was inspector of harbour works at Pillau, and rose by degrees to the position, which he has held since 1837, of "geheimlicher Oberbaurath" (a title which may be held to correspond to "member of the government board of works"). In 1842 he became a member of the Academy of Sciences of Berlin. He is especially distinguished for his knowledge of hydraulic engineering, and is the author of a standard work on that subject—"Wasserbaukunst"—published at Königsberg in 3 vols., 1841-52, new ed., 1853-57. Amongst his other writings are, a treatise on the theory of probabilities, 1837, and memoirs on various subjects of engineering and mechanics, which have appeared in Poggendorff's Annalen since 1833, and in the memoirs of the Berlin Academy since 1844.—R.
* HAGENBACH, Karl Rudolf, a German protestant theologian, born at Basle on the 4th of May, 1801, studied theology at Bonn and at Berlin. In 1823 he returned to Basle, became a fellow of the university, then assistant-professor, and in 1828 titular professor of theology. Hagenbach, who is highly esteemed both as a professor and a writer, has published works on ecclesiastical history which are extensively circulated throughout Germany; among others, "The Historical Development of Evangelical Protestantism;" the "Ecclesiastical History of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries," 1856, 2 vols.; a "Treatise on the History of Dogmas," 1840-41, 2 vols.; "Encyclopædia and Methodology of Theological Science," 1833-34.—R. H.
HAGER, Johann Georg, an accomplished classical scholar and geographer, born in 1709 at Oberkotzau, studied at Hof and Leipsic, was rector of the Lyceum at Chemnitz, where he died in 1777.—B. H. C.
HAGER, Joseph, was born at Milan in 1757, and studied at Vienna and the college of the Propaganda at Rome. He had a marvellous faculty for languages; and after those of Europe, applied himself to those of Asia, including Arabic and Chinese. He spent two years at Constantinople; and subsequently visited France, Spain, and Italy, Germany, Holland, and England, in search of books and manuscripts. Having issued the prospectus of a Chinese dictionary, Hager was invited by the French government to bring out the great Chinese, Latin, and French dictionary, which Napoleon had determined to issue. In 1802 he went to Paris to carry out this undertaking; but, after many delays, he left the work unfinished. In 1806 he was German professor at Oxford; and in 1809 professor of Oriental languages at Pavia. A few years later he was keeper of the public library at Milan; but he returned to Pavia in 1814, and died there in 1819. The Chinese scholarship of Hager was the theme of violent adverse criticism; and perhaps his learning was rather extensive than profound. Still, he was a most laborious student, and published
