of Sir Matthew Hale, the ninth edition of which appeared so lately as 1820, exhibit the extent and variety of his acquirements. Among them are his "Contemplations, Moral and Divine," 1676; his "Pleas of the Crown," 1680; his "Discourse touching a Provision for the Poor;" his "Judgment of the Nature of Religion," 1684. Hale's MSS., which include some papers of considerable value and interest to the legal antiquary, are preserved in the library of Lincoln's inn.—W C. H.
HALES, James, a justice of the common pleas in the reign of Edward VI., was the eldest son of John Hales, one of Henry VIII.'s barons of the exchequer. He studied law at Gray's inn, of which he was thrice reader, became a king's sergeant in 1544, and was made a knight of the bath at the coronation of Edward VI. Devoted to the protestant cause, he was appointed a justice of the common pleas in 1549, and was one of the judges who pronounced sentence of deprivation against Bishop Gardiner in the February of 1551—a participation which the deprived prelate neither forgot nor forgave. In spite of his protestant zeal, he was also one of the judges who declined to abet the duke of Northumberland by authenticating the instrument changing the succession to the throne. At the commencement of Mary's reign he showed considerable courage when it devolved on him, at the Kent assizes, to charge the grand jury in the case of persons accused of nonconformity, Mary, notwithstanding, gave him a new patent for the common pleas; but when he appeared before Gardiner the chancellor, to take the oaths, he was ordered "to make his purgation;" when he avowed his resolve to adhere to his religion, and was dismissed without the oaths. Committed to prison after this, he was plied indefatigably with arguments and incentives to recant; and they were at last successful. The recantation, however, preyed upon his mind; and in the absence of his servant he tried to commit suicide with a penknife. The queen after this is said to have given him "words of comfort." Yet his mind was not at ease; and the year after his release from prison (April, 1554), and while staying at his nephew's house, near Canterbury, he drowned himself in a river.—F. E.
HALES or HAYLES, John, a younger son of Thomas Hales of Hales Place in Halden, Kent, was born in that county. He was commonly called Clubfoot Hales, because of a wound he had received in the foot from his own dagger in early life. Being fond of study he was sent to Oxford university, where he acquired eminent proficiency in the Latin, Greek, and Hebrew languages, to which he added an admirable knowledge of the municipal laws and antiquities. In the reign of Henry VIII. he was clerk of the hanaper for several years. On the dissolution of the monasteries he obtained a good estate in Warwickshire, and founded a free-school at Coventry, for the use of which he wrote "Introductiones ad Grammaticam," in English and Latin. He wrote also the "Highway to Nobility," and translated Plutarch's Precepts for Health, 1543. Fleeing before the Marian persecution to Frankfort, where other exiles took refuge, he wrote "A brief Discourse of the Troubles at Frankfort in Germany," printed in 1575. The accession of Queen Elizabeth restored him to his native land, and was the occasion of his writing an "Oration to the Queen at her first entrance to her reign, 1558." His loyalty, however, did not prevent his writing a tract in favour of the Seymours' right to the royal succession through the duke of Suffolk. For this work the author was sent to the Tower, although Sir Nicolas Bacon and Sir William Cecil were both cognizant of the book and nearly involved by it in disgrace. Lesley, bishop of Ross, wrote a reply. Hales died in January, 1572, and was buried in the chancel of St. Peter's church, London.—R. H.
HALES, John, designated "the Ever Memorable," for reasons not very easy of discovery, a scholar and theologian, seems to have been born at Bath on the 19th of April, 1584. After due preparation he was sent to Corpus college, Oxford, where his knowledge and accomplishments attracted the notice of the eminent scholar, Sir Henry Savile, whom Hales aided in his edition of Chrysostom. Admitted a fellow of Eton college in 1613, he accompanied in 1616, and in the capacity of chaplain, Sir Dudley Carleton, then sent ambassador to the Hague, and thus procured admission to the synod of Dort. The result was, that he became an Arminian. His tract on "Schism," written about 1636 (but not published till 1642), rather hostile to set forms of worship and formularies, introduced him to the notice of Laud, who, however, after a personal conference, presented him to a canonry of Windsor. After the breaking out of the civil war, he was ejected from his Eton fellowship for recusancy, and spent the rest of his life either as tutor and chaplain in episcopalian and loyalist families, or in retirement at Eton. He died on the 19th of May, 1656, and appears to have been very generally respected for his virtues and abilities. His "Golden Remains," comprising sermons, miscellanies, &c., were published in 1659, and followed by other collections of his pieces. In 1765 Sir David Dalrymple, Lord Hailes, published a handsome edition of his collective works, with some slight modernization of their language and orthography.—F. E.
HALES, Stephen, an English clergyman, natural philosopher, and inventor, was born at Beckbourne in Kent on the 7th of September, 1677. He studied at the university of Cambridge, and took orders in the Church of England. In 1717 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. His scientific labours had reference to various branches of physics and physiology. They are recorded in several papers published in the Philosophical Transactions and in some separate works, entitled respectively—"Vegetable Statics," London, 1727; "Statical Essays," London, 1733; "On the art of making sea-water potable." For a communication to the Royal Society on the means of dissolving calculi, and of preserving meat during long voyages, he received the Copley medal. His most useful mechanical invention was that of a ventilating apparatus, published in 1741. It was soon afterwards extensively applied in England and on the continent of Europe to prisons, hospitals, and other crowded buildings, and to ships, with incalculable benefit to the health of the inmates. In 1753 he was elected a foreign associate of the French Academy of Sciences. He was on terms of intimacy with Frederick, prince of Wales, after whose death he was appointed almoner to the princess-dowager, and canon of Windsor. He died at Teddington in Middlesex, of which he had been rector, on the 4th of January, 1761.—W. J. M. R.
HALES, William, an Irish clergyman, orientalist, chronologer, and mathematician, was born about the middle of the eighteenth century, and died at Kildare in 1821. He was rector of that parish, and had previously been professor of oriental languages in Trinity college, Dublin. His mathematical works relate to the propagation of sound, the motion of the planets, the theory of equations, and the fluxional or differential calculus. He was the author also of a system of chronology, and of several works on theology and church government.—W. J. M. R.
HALES. See Alexander.
HALÉVY, Jacques Fromental, a musician, was born of Jewish parents at Paris, May 7, 1799. He was admitted into Cazot's solfeggio class in the Conservatoire in 1809; he became the pupil of Lambert for the pianoforte, and of Berton for harmony in 1811, and was placed under Cherubini for counterpoint, with whom he studied during five years. In 1816 a solfeggio class was assigned to him in the Conservatoire. He won the prize of the Institût for composition in 1819, which was awarded him for a cantata called "Herminie," and in consequence of this he went in 1820, at the cost of government, to continue his studies at Rome; having previously published a pianoforte sonata for four hands, and a setting of the 130th Psalm in Hebrew (composed on the occasion of the death of the Duc de Berri), and written an opera which was never played. On his return in 1822 he made several fruitless attempts to come before the public as a dramatic composer; at length in 1827, he brought out a one-act opera, called "L'Artisan," at the Feydeau theatre, with little success. In the same year he was engaged as accompanyist at the Italian opera, and was appointed professor of harmony in the Conservatoire. In 1828 he shared with Riffaut the composition of an occasional piece called "Le Roi et le Batelier." He had a more important opportunity in 1829, when he wrote "Clari" for the Italian theatre, and had Mad. Malibran for its principal singer. He was now appointed maitre du chant at the opera—an office which increased his dramatic experience, if not also his interest to be brought forward as a composer. The same year he produced "Le Dilettante d'Avignon;" in 1830 a ballet called "Manon Lescot;" and in 1831 another opera "La Langue musicale." "La Tentation," a ballet opera, written in conjunction with Gide, wag brought out in 1832. Halévy was appointed professor of composition on the retirement of Fétis from the conservatoire in 1833. In 1834 he produced "Les Souvenirs de Lafleur;" and in the same year he completed the opera of Ludovic, which Hérold had left unfinished, and which was given with success. The most generally
