of such materials, for throughout the poem there are frequent references to original authorities which form the main groundwork of the narrative; and Henry represents himself as deeply indebted to a life of the great Scottish patriot, written in Latin by John Blair, the chaplain of Wallace. It was at one time the fashion to regard this poem as wholly a work of fiction; but authentic documents, recently brought to light, have shown that though it contains a great number of mistakes, it is on the whole a valuable and trustworthy narrative. Although the language is homely, and the versification rude, the "Life of Wallace" abounds in passages of great poetical merit. Henry was pensioned by James IV.—(See Life of Wallace, by Blind Harry, edited by Dr. Jamieson; and Wallace Papers, published by the Maitland Club.)—J. T.
HARSDOERFER, Georg Philipp, a German poet and man of letters, was born at Nuremberg, November 1, 1607, and died in his native town, September 22, 1658. He was a distinguished member of the Fruitful Society, and the principal originator of the still existing Pegnitz-Orden at Nuremberg. He has left about fifty volumes of miscellaneous writings.—K. E.
HARSNET, Samuel, D.D., was born in 1561 at Colchester, the son of a baker. Educated at the school there, he was admitted into King's college, Cambridge, in 1576, passed afterwards to Pembroke hall, of which he was elected fellow in 1583, and took his degree of master of arts in 1584. In this year he preached, at St. Paul's Cross, a sermon which gave great offence to the puritans. About three years after he accepted the mastership of the free-school in his native town; but returned to Pembroke hall in November, 1588, and applied himself diligently to the study of divinity. In 1592 he was one of the proctors of the university; and about five years later became chaplain to Bancroft, bishop of London, through whose patronage his fortunes advanced very rapidly. Rectories, vicarages, prebendary stalls, followed one another in quick succession, until in 1609 he was made bishop of Chichester. Elected master of Pembroke in 1605, he was in 1616 compelled to retire from the office by the puritan party in the college. He was translated from Chichester to Norwich in 1619; and in 1628 became archbishop of York. His high church practices again brought him into trouble with the puritans, who in 1624 charged him before parliament with various misdemeanours. Sir E. Coke being one of his most active adversaries. He defended himself stoutly against the accusation of popery. On 10th November, 1629, he was sworn of the privy council; and on 25th May, 1631, he died at Morton-in-the-Marsh in Gloucestershire. He was buried in the church of Chigwell, Essex, where he had been vicar, and where he founded a free-school and some almshouses. He published two small works, written with a force and keenness of irony that are quite remarkable. The books, which are now rare, are entitled, "A discovery of the fraudulent practices of John Barrel," 1599, 4to; and "A declaration of egregious Popish Impostures," &c., 1603, 4to. From the latter work Shakspeare borrowed the fantastical names of spirits in King Lear.—R. H.
* HART, Solomon Alexander, R.A., professor of painting in the Royal Academy, was born at Plymouth, April, 1806; studied design in the schools of the Royal Academy, and for a short time practised as a miniature painter, but eventually devoted himself to oil-painting. Mr. Hart is a very versatile painter, but his pictures may be arranged in broadly-defined classes—those from the Old Testament, of which "Hannah, the Mother of Samuel, and Eli the High Priest," 1853, and "Athaliah's dismay at the coronation of Joash." 1858, may be quoted as types; Jewish ceremonials, like "The Elevation of the Law"—which was purchased from the gallery of the Society of British Artists, 1830, by Mr. E. Vernon, and presented with the rest of that gentleman's collection to the nation—and "Simchath Torah, or Festival of the Law," 1850; historical, as "Archbishop Langton exhorting the Barons," "Lady Jane Grey in the Tower," 1860; Shaksperian; biographical, as "Guttenberg, Faust, and Schœffer studying the invention of movable types," "Milton visiting Galileo in prison," &c. To these must be added cathedral interiors, scenes of domestic life, &c.; besides portraits, among which may be named those of Dr. Adler, the chief rabbi, painted for the vestry of the Jews' synagogue, London; the duke of Sussex, and Sir A. Rothschild, painted for the Jews' hospital, Sir Moses Montetiore, &c. Mr. Hart was elected A.R.A., 1835; R.A., 1840; and professor of painting, 1854. His first courses of lectures appeared in the Athenæum, 1855-56.—J. T—e.
HARTE, Walter, whose chief claim to remembrance is his history of Gustavus Adolphus, was the son of a very wealthy clergyman of Taunton, and seems to have been born about 1695. Educated at Marlborough school and at Oxford, he became a poet, and was patronized by Lord Peterborough. Pope repaid his admiration by correcting his verses, and admitted him to a more than usual share of intimacy. He rose to be vice-president of St. Mary's hall, Oxford, and held that position when Lord Lyttleton introduced him to Lord Chesterfield as a fit tutor and travelling companion for the young gentleman to whom the celebrated letters were addressed. Through Lord Chesterfield he was made a canon of Windsor, and died at Bath in the March of 1774. His "History of the Life of Gustavus Adolphus" was undertaken, it is said, at the suggestion of Lord Peterborough, and occupied him for many years. It embodies the results of great research of a miscellaneous kind; but, written in a harsh and uncouth style, it had not the success which the author expected for it. Harte's "Essays on Husbandry," published in 1764, have been praised by competent judges both for their manner and their matter.—F. E.
HARTLEY, David, a metaphysician of note, was the son of a clergyman of Armley in Yorkshire, where he was born on the 30th August, 1705. He received his earlier education at a private school, and at fifteen proceeded to Jesus college, Cambridge, of which he became a fellow. He had been destined for holy orders, but some scruples respecting portions of the articles prevented him from entering the church (of which, however, he always remained a well-affected member), and he studied medicine. He practised his profession with distinction at Newark, Bury St. Edmund's, London, and Bath, dying in the last-named city on the 25th of August, 1757. He was a placid, amiable, and highly-cultivated man, and enjoyed the friendship of such of the eminent among his contemporaries as Butler, Warburton, Hoadley, and Young of the Night Thoughts. His first metaphysical work is said to have been a dissertation entitled "Conjecturæ quædam de sensu, motu, et idearum generatione," published, according to Dr. Parr, the year before the appearance of his chief work, and described by Mr. S. D. Lewis as "nothing more nor less than an abstract in Latin of the first part of the Observations." These were given to the world in 1749 as "Observations on Man, his frame, his duty, and his expectations." The work was begun when the author was twenty-five, and was completed two or three years before it was published. It is divided into two parts. In part i., entitled "On the Frame of the Human Body and Mind," Hartley developes his physical hypothesis of the origin of all our sensations and ideas, and then the doctrine (to which he was the first to give prominence) of the association of ideas. His hypothesis of vibrations was suggested, according to his own accounts, by a casual remark in the Principia, where Newton, speaking of the sense of seeing, hints that it may be explained by "vibrations being propagated along the solid fibres of the optic nerves into the brain." Hartley resolved the operations of the senses into the hypothetical vibration of a hypothetical ether in connection with the nervous system. Each sense had its nerves suited to its nature, and these as they were affected by the external impulse of various bodies, conveyed the outward impressions to the brain, the great reservoir or common centre of the nervous influence. By the degrees of force with which the outward impressions were given, the various kinds of vibration, the line of direction in which they were, so to speak, impinged, and the constitution of the sets of nerves, he accounted physically for everything from the simplest sensation up to the most complex idea. His exposition of the association of ideas, as explaining the sequence of all mental phenomena, is more valuable than his vibrational hypothesis; but Hartley's speculations, ingenious and laborious as he was, have long been discarded. Perhaps their chief value in the history of philosophy has been to show distinctly the materialistic result of such thinking as Locke's, although Hartley energetically disclaimed the materialism to which his system evidently led. Part ii. of his work is entitled "Observations on the Duty and Expectations of Mankind," and deals chiefly with religion, natural and revealed. Hartley broaching in it what in the language of modern theology is called Universalism.—F. E.
HARTLEY, David, son of the eminent metaphysician, was born in 1729. At his father's death in 1757, he relinquished all views of a profession; and offering himself a candidate for
