parliament, was elected member for Hull. He was an eloquent advocate of popular rights, both in parliament and in the press, being the author of numerous political pamphlets. He strongly opposed the war with the American colonies; and when the independence of the United States was acknowledged by the mother country, Hartley had the honour to be named minister plenipotentiary to negotiate with Franklin; and in 1783 he signed at Paris the definitive treaty. He further claims distinction as being one of the first public men who moved for the abolition of the African slave-trade, "as a violation of the laws of God and the rights of man." He was also a scientific investigator, and the projector of many useful inventions, one of which, for the preservation of buildings from fire, merits especial attention. In private life he was amiable and polished, while his benevolence was as great as it was secretly exercised. He died at Bath on the 19th of December, 1813.—R. H.
HARTLEY, Jesse, an English engineer, was born in 1780, and died at Bootle Marsh, near Liverpool, on the 24th of August, 1860. He was the son of the master bridge-builder of the county of York, and succeeded his father in that office. He was the engineer of the celebrated Grosvenor bridge over the Dee at Chester, of which Thomas Harrison was the architect; and in every part of that structure he left striking evidence of that practical skill and knowledge of materials and workmanship which characterized all that he executed. That bridge was, until very lately, the largest stone arch in the world, being of two hundred feet span. Its rise is forty-two feet, and its form a segment of a circle. It was completed in 1833; and soon afterwards Hartley was appointed engineer of the Liverpool docks, which post he held till his death, and in that capacity planned and executed with complete success the most extensive dock-works in the world.—W. J. M. R.
HARTLIB, Samuel, a writer chiefly on agricultural subjects, born probably about the commencement of the seventeenth century, was the son of a Polish merchant, who from religious motives emigrated to Elbing in Prussia. Hartlib's mother is supposed to have been an Englishwoman, which would account for his familiarity with our language. At any rate, two of her sisters were well married in England, whither he repaired about 1640, according to Warton. The earliest of his works printed in England, the "Conatuum Comenianorum præludia," bears the date of 1637. He appears to have at first carried on an extensive agency business in this country, at the same time employing himself with authorship; between 1641 and 1647 he published several treatises on the religious controversies of the day. It was in 1645 that he published the Discourse of Flanders Husbandry, and in 1652, the "Legacy; or an enlargement on the discourse of husbandry used in Brabant and Flanders"—both of which gave a powerful stimulus to the improvement of English agriculture. For the latter of these works Cromwell, it is said, gave Hartlib a pension of £100 a-year; but he was the author of neither of them, the Discourse having been the composition of Sir Richard Weston, and the Legacy, although revised by him, that of Robert Child. He wrote, however, several original works on agriculture and cognate subjects; he is said to have been one of the promoters of the Royal Society, and, according to his own account, he opened an academy on original principles for the education of the children of the gentry. It was this circumstance, probably, which led Milton to dedicate to Hartlib his famous Tractate on Education. At the Restoration he was neglected, and the year of his death is unknown. There is a good account of his writings in Mr. Donaldson's "Agricultural Biographies," London, 1854.—F. E.
HARTMANN, Anton Theodor, a German protestant scholar and divine, who was born in 1774, and died at Rostock in 1838. He pursued his studies at Göttingen, and in 1811 was appointed professor of theology at Rostock. He was chiefly eminent for his extensive acquaintance with the Hebrew and Arabic languages, literature, and antiquities. The works he published are very numerous, displaying remarkable learning and research, and they are specially valued by those who study the subjects of which they treat.—B. H. C.
HARTMANN, Ferdinand, a German painter, was born in 1770 at Stuttgard. He studied in the academy there, and afterwards went to Rome, where he produced his "Eros and Anteros." This picture attracted much attention, and led to his appointment as professor in the Dresden academy, of which he was a few years later named director. Hartmann was best known as a painter of classic subjects, such as "Hylas and the Nymphs," "Hercules strangling the Lion," "Hector and the Trojans," &c.; but he also painted religious and historical pictures. His "Three Marys at the Grave" in particular was much admired.—J. T—e.
* HARTMANN, Moritz, a distinguished German poet, was born in the village of Duschnik in Bohemia, October 15, 1821, and studied at Prague and Vienna. In order to publish his poems—"Kelch and Schwert"—he left Austria in 1844, where, on account of the liberal cast of the opinions they advocated, they would have cost him his liberty. After some years' travelling he returned towards the end of 1847, and was immediately put to trial, but fortunately released on the outbreak of the revolution of 1848. He was now elected a deputy to the Frankfort national assembly, where he sided with the left, and portrayed the prominent members and their debates in his "Rhymed Chronicle of Friar Mauritius." Together with R. Blum and Fröbel, he proceeded in October 1849 to Vienna, whence in due time he succeeded in making his escape. He then travelled again in England and France, and has lately settled at Geneva. Besides his poems he has published novels, sketches of travel, &c., characterized by liberal views in politics, a vivid imagination, and an energetic and elegant diction. Conjointly with Szarvady he has also translated the poems of A. Petöfi.—K. E.
HARTMANN, Von Aue, one of the three greatest German minnesingers, lived in the beginning of the thirteenth century. He appears to have received a liberal education, and to have joined in the crusade of 1228, which is nearly all that we know of his life. His poems—"Erec," "Iwein," "Gregorius," "Der arme Heinrich," &c.—though mostly imitated from French and other originals, are productions of undoubted genius, and have an imperishable charm about them. They captivate the reader by their delicate feeling and the beauties of their diction. The best editions are by the brothers Grimm, Professor Lachmann, and Professor M. Haupt.—K. E.
HARTSOEKER, Nicholas, a Dutch optician, physicist, and metaphysician, was born at Gouda in 1656, and died at Utrecht in 1725. His father intended him for the church, but he pursued the study of physical science in secret. Having accidentally discovered the art of making microscopes by melting the ends of threads of glass into globules, he applied these magnifiers to physiological researches, of which he did not till long afterwards publish the results. Having through Huyghens been introduced at Paris to Jean Dominique Cassini, he was induced by that astronomer to apply himself to the manufacture of telescopes, in which he became very skilful. In 1694 he published an essay on dioptrics, which, besides its proper subject, treats of a general theory of the molecular constitution of matter, founded on the hypothesis of small hard atoms enveloped by an elastic atmosphere; the atoms in groups forming tangible bodies, and the atmosphere serving to transmit light and other forces. This hypothesis he further explained and applied in a treatise on physics, published in 1696. The same idea, variously modified, has occurred to many physical theorists. In 1696 Hartsoeker returned to Holland, and shortly afterwards was made known to Peter the Great, who urged him to accept a professorship of mathematics in Russia, but without success. In 1699 he was appointed a foreign associate of the French Academy of Sciences. In 1704 he was induced by the elector palatine to become professor of mathematics and natural philosophy at Düsseldorf. A short time before his death he resigned this post, and returned to his native country. He was remarkable for an insatiable love of controversy, which at times, in the absence of other antagonists, even led him to assail and confute some of the opinions previously upheld by himself. He was a fierce opponent of the system of Newton, chiefly on the ground that, as he understood it, it required the supposition of empty space between the heavenly bodies.—W. J. M. R.
HARTSON, Hall, was born probably in Dublin about the year 1739, and educated in Trinity college there. He was a young man of great promise; possessed fine taste, much ability, and was highly accomplished. He travelled extensively over Europe several times. The celebrated Dr. Thomas Leland was his friend and patron; and from his romance of Longworth, Earl of Salisbury, Hartson composed a tragedy, "The Countess of Salisbury," which was produced at Crow Street theatre, Dublin, in 1765, and at the Haymarket, London, in 1767. The success
