Infanticida" are classic in style, replete with poetical beauties, and surpassed only by his own poem "De Contemptu Mortis," in which the doctrine of Plato is completed and crowned by christian faith. He has also left several books of odes and elegies, Latin speeches, Dutch poems, and miscellaneous pieces in poetry and prose.—K. E.
HEINSIUS, Nicolaus, son of the learned Daniel Heinsius, born at Leyden, August 29, 1620, and educated under his father's care. He was appointed resident at the Swedish court, where he was a great favourite with Queen Christina, who sent him into Italy to collect rare books and coins. In 1656 he accepted the post of secretary of the city of Amsterdam, but resigned two years later, and went to pursue his studies at the Hague. He was sent as ambassador to Sweden, Russia, and Germany, but withdrew from public business in 1671. Notwithstanding his many public duties, he acquired very extensive learning, corresponded with many eminent scholars, wrote Latin poems and other books, and edited several of the Latin classics. He died in 1681.—B. H. C.
HEINSIUS, Otto Friedrich Theodor, a prolific German grammarian and scholastic writer, was born at Tschernow, near Kustrin, in 1770, and died May 18, 1849, at Berlin, where he had held for many years a mastership in one of the gymnasia. His "German Grammar;" his "Popular Dictionary of the German Language," 4 vols. , his "History of German Literature," and other works—enjoy well-merited popularity.—K. E.
HEINTZ, Joseph, a Swiss painter, born in Bern about 1560, and became one of the principal Italianizers of German art. He was the pupil of John van Aachen at Prague, and attracted the notice of the Emperor Rudolph II., who sent him to Italy to perfect his studies, and make some copies of celebrated pictures there. Heintz studied the works of Paul Veronese, but adopted Correggio as his model; but he sometimes painted also in the Roman taste, as a picture of the "Rape of Proserpine," in one of the Dresden collections, was purchased and exhibited as a work by Giulio Romano, until discovered from the print of it by Lucas Kilian, executed in 1608, to be by Heintz. The date of the death is equally unknown as that of the birth of Heintz.—A younger Joseph Heintz, a son of the above, likewise distinguished himself as a painter, and obtained considerable notoriety at Venice, and at Rome in the pontificate of Urban VIII. He was living in 1655.—(Füssly, Zanetti.)—R. N. W.
* HEINZMAN, Karl Friedrich, a celebrated German landscape painter, was born at Stuttgart in 1795; studied in the art-school of that city, afterwards in the academy at Munich, and latterly under Professor F. Kobell, and then at once took rank among the best landscape painters of Germany. In 1822 he accepted an engagement in the royal porcelain manufactory at Munich, and was one of the artists employed in painting the costly series of copies on porcelain of the chief pictures by the old masters in the Munich gallery. These works, commissioned by Ludwig, crown-prince, and afterwards king, of Bavaria, now form one of the attractions of the Pinacothek. Herr Heinzman paints with equal ability both in oil and water-colours, and is a skilful lithographic draftsman.—J. T—e.
HEISTER, Lorenz, a German surgeon and botanist, was born at Frankfort-on-the-Maine on 16th September, 1683, and died at Helmstädt on 18th April, 1758. He prosecuted the study of medicine at Giessen, Amsterdam, and Leyden. In 1708 he became professor of anatomy and surgery in the university of Amsterdam. In 1710 he occupied the chair of anatomy in the university of Altorf, and in 1719 that of anatomy and surgery in the university of Helmstädt. In 1730 he undertook also the duties of the chair of botany. He has published many surgical and botanical works. He was considered as having done much to put the surgery of Germany on a proper footing by the publication of his treatise on surgery.—J. H. B.
HELENA, daughter of Constantine the Great and Fausta, was married to her cousin, Julian the Apostate, when he was nominated Cæsar at Milan in 355. She accompanied him to his government of Gaul, and died at Vienne in 359.—G. BL.
HELENA, Saint, the mother of Constantine the Great, was, according to Procopius, born about the year 247, of humble parentage, in a village of Bithynia. Her beauty attracted the notice of Constantius Chlorus, who, although of noble birth, was then a simple officer in the prætorian guard, and he married her. On being raised to the rank of Cæsar, this successful soldier repudiated his wife in order to marry Theodora, the daughter of his patron the Emperor Maximilian. Helena retired to a distant province, where she dwelt in obscurity until her son Constantine, on the death of his father at York in 306, became emperor. She was then brought to court. The title of Augusta was conferred upon her, and medals were struck in her honour. Receiving from her affectionate son large sums of money, she devoted them to charitable purposes. In 311 Constantine made open profession of christianity. His example was followed by his mother. In 325 she set out on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. At Jerusalem she found buried under ground what she supposed to be the remains of the cross on which Christ suffered, and built churches on the supposed site of the holy sepulchre, on the Mount of Olives and at Bethlehem. In 327 she rejoined her son at Nicomedia in Bithynia, when she expired shortly afterwards. She is enrolled as a saint in the Roman catholic calendar.—G. B—y.
* HELIADE, John, a distinguished Roumelian poet, was born in 1801. He distinguished himself in various departments of study, and has become still more eminent by his numerous poetical compositions. In 1831 he founded a public journal, and was for a number of years a decided but moderate advocate of reform. The troubles of 1848 led to his proscription, and he went to Paris and elsewhere, but in 1850 was recalled. As a writer his ideas are noble and elevated.—B. H. C.
HELIODORUS of Larissa, a writer on optics, flourished during the second century b.c.—W. J. M. R.
HELIODORUS, the author of the oldest Greek romance, was born at Emesa in Syria about the middle of the fourth century, and became bishop of Tricca in Thessaly. His romance, which is in ten books and is entitled "Æthiopica," was written by him in early life. It relates to the loves of Theagenes, a noble Thessalian, and Charicleia, daughter of Hydaspes, king of Æthiopia. Though deficient in many of the higher characteristics of modern novels, the work is one of great and sterling merit, and is considered much superior to any of the later Greek romances, and has been translated into nearly all modern languages. An edition was published at Paris by the Greek Coraës in 1804.—G. BL.
HELL, Maximilian, an astronomer of considerable celebrity, was born on the 15th of May, 1720, at Schemnitz in Lower Hungary, where his father, Matthias Cornelius Hell, was superintendent of the hydraulic machines belonging to the neighbouring mines. He was educated at the gymnasium at Neusohl, on leaving which, in 1738, he entered the Society of the Jesuits, and was sent two years later to Vienna, where he studied philosophy under Joseph Karl, and mathematics and astronomy under Erasmus Fröhlich. Having spent some time as assistant astronomer at Vienna, and as professor of mathematics at Leutschaw, he returned to study at Vienna, where also he taught mathematics and assaying. He there became priest, and in 1752 took the degree of doctor. Having spent the next four years as professor of mathematics at Clausenburg in Transylvania, he was invited to take charge of the valuable set of astronomical instruments which had been presented to the university by the Emperor Joseph II., and to erect a suitable observatory for their use. This observatory became under his care one of the first in Europe, both as to construction and apparatus; and the series of "Ephemerides," containing the results of the observations which he made there from 1757 till his death, remains a lasting monument of his talent and industry. In 1767 he accepted the invitation of Christian VII., king of Denmark, to proceed to Wardoehuus, an island at the northeastern extremity of Europe, to observe the important transit of Venus which was to take place on the 3rd of June, 1769. The difficulties were enormous, but they were overcome, and the transit was observed with considerable success. On the 27th of June, Hell set out on his return, proceeding to Drontheim and thence to Copenhagen, where he remained seven months, and published his account of the transit. He then returned to Vienna, where he spent the remainder of his life in the discharge of his duties as astronomer to the university, and in deeds of benevolence for which he was distinguished. He died on the 11th of April, 1792. A complete list of his works is inserted in the Bibliothèque des écrivains de la compagnie de Jésus, par les PP. Aug. et Ade Backer.—E. A. R.
* HELLER, Stephan, a musician, was born at Pesth, 15th May, 1813. When but nine years old he was brought out as a pianist at the theatre of his native city. After this he spent
