taking for Pankouke to write the botanical part of the Encyclopédie Méthodique. This publication was arrested by the breaking out of the Revolution, and Lamarck's botanical career was soon afterwards brought to an end. In 1778 he became attached to the Jardin du roi as assistant to Daubenton, and here, quietly engaged in the duties of his situation, he remained unmolested during the horrors of the Reign of Terror. At the reconstruction of the Jardin du roi, or Jardin des plantes, as it was afterwards called, and the formation of the Muséum d'histoire naturelle in 1793, Lamarck was nearly overlooked. Jussieu and Desfontaines were appointed botanists, and Geoffroy St. Hilaire and Lacépéde the zoologists. These two eminent men having chosen to lecture upon vertebrated animals, they proposed to Lamarck to undertake the charge of the lower forms, or invertebrata. He accepted the proposal, and was accordingly appointed in 1793 to a chair in that establishment. From this period he devoted himself with great zeal and application to his new studies; and though nearly fifty years of age, he so completely mastered his subject, that in the course of a few years he was able to publish his "Histoire des Animaux sans vertébres"—a work which will ever entitle him to take his place in the very first rank of zoologists. Lamarck continued his lectures at the Jardin des plantes till 1818, when, becoming blind and infirm, he relinquished his post to Latreille. An injudicious investment of his money resulted in his being reduced in his old age almost to poverty. He died at Paris in 1829. Lamarck was of a highly philosophical turn of mind, and he acquired much notoriety for the manner in which he advocated the progressive development of living beings. His views were not altogether original. Similar ideas had been previously propagated by Buffon and Maillet. After a rest they were exhumed by the author of the Vestiges of the Creation, and a new edition has lately taken the world by surprise from the pen of Mr. Charles Darwin.—W. B—d.
* LA MARMORA, Alberto Ferrero, Count de, elder brother of Alfonso Ferrero, was born in 1789. He commenced his career in the French army, and served in the later wars of the empire. He was made major-general in the Piedmontese army in 1840, named senator in 1848, and appointed by Charles Albert to command the troops sent to the relief of Venice. In 1849 he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-general, appointed director of the Marine college at Geneva, and military commissioner in the island of Sardinia. He enjoys a literary as well as a military reputation, being a member of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Turin. He is the author of "Travels in Sardinia," Paris, 1820 and 1839; "Geological Observations on the Islands of Majorca and Minorca," 1835. The last-named work, with other essays on natural history and numismatics, was published in the Memoirs of the Academy of Turin.—F. M. W.
LA MARMORA, Alessandro Ferrero, Chevalier de, brother of the preceding, was born in 1799. In 1830 he organized the corps of bersaglieri; and in 1848 distinguished himself in the war of independence. In 1855 he accompanied his brother to the Crimea, in command of the second division of the army, but died shortly after his arrival.—F. M. W.
* LA MARMORA, Alfonso Ferrero, Chevalier de, a Sardinian general and statesman, born 17th November, 1804, the youngest save one of a family which has contributed several distinguished members to the services of the country. He became a lieutenant of artillery in 1823, captain in 1831, and major in 1845. In the war of independence he distinguished himself at Monzambano, Borghetto, Valleggio, and Peschiera, and especially by a happy attack on the Austrian army on the heights of Postrengo on April 2, 1848. He held the portfolio of war for short periods, in October, 1848, and in February, 1849. In the last-named month he took the command of a division intended to attack the Austrians, and effect a diversion in Tuscany. But meanwhile the battle of Novara had been lost, and he could do no more than seize two or three strong places which refused to acknowledge the armistice of March 20. In November of the same year he became minister of war, and may be said to have created the Sardinian army. In April, 1855, he resigned his offices, to take the command of the Sardinian army which went to join the allied forces in the Crimea. The Sardinian contingent bore an honourable part at the battle of the Tchernaya, and assisted in the capture of the Malakhoff. On the conclusion of the war La Marmora received the rank equivalent to that of field-marshal, was made an honorary knight grand cross of the bath, and received the grand cross of the legion of honour. He returned to the ministry of war under Cavour, and in this capacity organized with singular success the campaign which terminated in the peace of Villafranca. He held the same office in the Ratazzi ministry of July, 1859; and in November, 1861, he undertook the more difficult post of civil prefect of the province of Naples—an office which had been previously filled by Cialdini.—F. M. W.
LAMARQUE, Maximilien, a French general, born at St. Sever in 1770. His father was one of the deputies to the states-general in 1789, and young Maximilien, embracing with ardour the principles of the Revolution, enlisted in a battalion of volunteers which was employed on the Spanish frontier. He soon obtained the command of a company of grenadiers, and distinguished himself so much by his impetuous courage at Fontarabia that he was named adjutant-general. When peace was concluded with Spain, he served in the army of the Rhine under Moreau and Dessolles, and in 1801 was promoted to be general of brigade, in which capacity he was present at the battles of Engen, Moeskirch, and Hohenlinden. He afterwards took part in the battle of Austerlitz, and was then sent with his brigade to form part of the army intended to invade the Two Sicilies on behalf of Joseph Bonaparte. After assisting at the capture of Gaeta in 1807, he was named general of division, and performed the most brilliant achievement of his career, in the surprise and capture of the almost inaccessible isle of Capri, defended by two thousand English under the celebrated Hudson Lowe. He afterwards served on the Danube under Macdonald, and had four horses killed under him at the battle of Wagram. Recalled to assist Murat in Calabria, he was subsequently sent into Spain, where his conduct in several engagements considerably added to his reputation. In 1814 he quietly submitted to the royal authority, and was honoured with the cross of St. Louis, but was one of the first to rejoin Napoleon on his return from Elba, and was employed by him against the royalists of La Vendée. After the battle of Waterloo his name appeared in the list of the proscribed, and he fled to the Low Countries, where he remained in exile till 1820. He was then permitted to return to Paris, and employed himself in literary occupations till the revolution of 1830, when he was elected a member of the chamber of deputies. He died of cholera in 1832, leaving some treatises on military subjects, and a volume of letters and souvenirs in manuscript, which was published in 1831.—G. BL.
LAMARTINE, Alphonse de, illustrious as poet, as orator as statesman, was born at Maçon in Burgundy on the 21st October, 1791. He was descended from an ancient and noble family. His father, the Chevalier De Lamartine, and his grandfather, had both been in the army. His mother, Alix Des Roys, had been educated by Madame De Genlis along with the children of the duke of Orleans, under whom both her parents had held important offices. On that bloody 10th of August, 1792, when so many brave men died for an unfortunate monarch, the Chevalier De Lamartine, a staunch royalist fought in defence of a throne which no heroism or devotedness could save. Subsequently he and his family suffered from the violence of the terrorists; but the persecution and the peril were not of long duration. The education of Alphonse De Lamartine was exceedingly irregular. It consisted of little more than his mother's loving and holy influence, and whatsoever in books or in nature could nourish his dreamy disposition. After some years spent in a college of the jesuits, he returned at the age of eighteen to Milly, near Maçon, where his family then resided. Except at this college he never had any opportunity of acquiring aught corresponding to the name of scholarship; and from all Lamartine's writings it is conspicuous that his studies have never been of a solid or systematic kind. Glad to forget Latin and philosophy, he resumed at Milly his life of reverie and romance. In 1811 he went to Italy; he left it in 1813, after he had nourished his heart and enriched his imagination with everything which Italy had that was beautiful. A poet by instinct still more than by faculty, Lamartine had hitherto had a profoundly poetical culture; and perhaps it was more a poetical impulse than his loyalty as an enthusiastic monarchist which induced him, on the downfall of Napoleon in 1814, to enter the army. The second restoration promising nothing but inglorious inaction, Lamartine left the army in 1810. A kind of poetical pilgrimage in Savoy, in Switzerland, and elsewhere, were the next few years. Till now Lamartine had been regarded as a sort of visionary; the prophet
