resources of his cure, those of the abbey of Bernay, which had been given him by the king in 1745, and a valuable inheritance which came to him by the death of his brother, the baron de Martigny. He refused several bishoprics, and in 1748 he resigned his pastoral charge to the Abbé Dulau, but continued to preach every Sunday, and to take an interest in superintending the establishment of L'Enfant Jesus till his death in 1750. He was interred in St. Sulpice, where a splendid mausoleum by Slodtz was afterwards erected to his memory.—G. BL.
LANGUET de Gergy, Jean Joseph, brother of the preceding, and archbishop of Sens, was born at Dijon in 1677. He took the degree of doctor at the Royal seminary of Navarre, was consecrated bishop of Soissons in 1715, and in 1731 was appointed to the archbishopric of Sens. He was also presented by the regent with three abbacies, and named a councillor of state. He acquired great distinction as a voluminous controversial writer, and carried on a constant war with the jansenists in support of the bull Unigenitus. He exhibited his good sense in writing against the miracles ascribed to Dean Paris, and in proving that the celebrated convulsions were gross impostures. He died in 1753, leaving, besides his numerous polemical writings, a variety of catechisms, pastoral addresses, and devotional treatises, which were long held in great esteem.—G. BL.
LANIERE, LANIER, or LANEARE, Nicholas, musician, poet, painter, and engraver, was born in Italy about 1588. He was the son of Jerome, who emigrated with his family to England in the latter part of the reign of Elizabeth. Evelyn thus notices the father in his Diary:—"August 1, 1652—Came old Jerome Lannier of Greenwich, a man skilled in painting and music, and another rare musician called Mell. I went to see his (Laniere's) collection of pictures, especially those of Julio Romano, which surely had been the king's, and an Egyptian figure, &c. There were also excellent things of Polydore, Guido, Raphael, and Tintorette. Lannier had been a domestic of Queen Elizabeth, and showed me her head—an intaglio in a rare sardonyx, cut by a famous Italian—which he assured me was exceeding like her." Nicholas Laniere was one of the court musicians, and in that capacity composed the music to many of the court masques written by Ben Jonson, Campion, Daniel, &c. Some of his songs are to be found in the various collections published by Playford in the reign of Charles II.; and they in general display great merit. Smith, in his Musica Antiqua, has inserted one of them, taken from a masque called "Luminalia, or the festival of light," performed at court on the evening of Shrove Tuesday, 1637, in which the queen and her ladies were the masquers. Upon the accession of Charles I. he was appointed "master of his majesty's music," at a salary of £200 a year. He had, besides, the office of closet-keeper to the king. As a painter, he drew for his royal master a picture of "Mary, Christ, and Joseph;" and his own portrait, painted by himself, with a palette and pencils in his hand and musical notes on a scrap of paper, is in the music-school at Oxford. A drawing-book, etched by himself, is called "Prove primo fatte à l'acqua forte da N. Laniere à l'eta sua giovanile di sessanta otto anni, 1636." And on one of his etchings he has written in Italian, "Done in my youthful age of seventy-four." Some specimens of Laniere's poetry are to be found in the Ashmolean library (MS. 36, 37). Among Inigo Jones' Sketches for Court Masques (printed by the Shakspeare Society) is a "figure" of Nicholas Laniere performing on the harp, plate 5, which is very interesting. Mr. Collier thinks that Laniere played Orpheus in the masque of the Four Seasons, and that this is a drawing of him in that character, which seems probable. Laniere is supposed to have died in 1661 or 1662, but the fact is involved in some obscurity. He had several brothers who were employed in the royal band. A petition of Thomas Laniere, probably Nicholas' son, dated June 11, 1660, is preserved in the state-paper office, in which the petitioner prays for some office of "receivership," and says "his ancestors had long been servants to the late king, and he and his father thought it, disloyal not to want conveniences when the royal possessions were violated by sacrilegious hands, and served the cause with the loss of their little all."—E. F. R.
LANINI, Bernardino, one of the most eminent painters of the school of Milan, was born at Vercelli about 1522. He was a pupil of Gaudenzio Ferrari, whose manner he imitated so closely in his early works, that some of his pictures are with difficulty distinguished from those of his master. Of this class is his "Pietà" at S. Giuliano. Later he followed the richer manner of Da Vinci; and in some of his works the influence of Titian has been traced. Lanini's oil paintings are noble in design, warm and glowing in colour, earnest and refined in expression, and display great knowledge of anatomy; but something of mannerism is discernible in all his works. "He was much employed," says Lanzi, "both for the city and the state, particularly at the cathedral of Novaro, where he painted his 'Sybils,' and the 'Eternal Father,' so greatly admired by Lomazzo; besides several 'Histories of the Virgin.'“ Among his finest works are a "Baptism of Christ," in the gallery of Milan; a "Christ between Angels," in the church of S. Ambrogio; and a "Last Supper," in the church of S. Novaro Grande. He also painted several excellent frescoes. He died about 1578.—Two brothers of Bernardino Lanini, Gaudenzio and Girolamo, imitated his manner, but were greatly inferior to him.—J. T—e.
LANJUINAIS, Jean Denis, Comte, was born at Rennes in 1753. He took a very energetic part in the Revolution, more especially in ecclesiastical matters. He voted against the execution of Louis XVI., and fearlessly supported the Girondins in their unequal struggle, though he managed to escape their fate. Obliged to fly, he lived for eighteen months concealed in a garret in his own house. When quieter times arrived he re-entered public life, and shared in many of the great debates under the Restoration. He died in 1827.—W. J. P.
LANJUINAIS, Joseph, a French author, born at Bretagne about the middle of the eighteenth century; died in 1808. He joined at first the order of the benedictines, and was a professor of theology; but his haughty independence having drawn upon him the displeasure of his superiors, he quitted the monastery. Retiring to Moudon in Switzerland, he there embraced the reformed religion, and became master of a school. Several works, historical, philosophical, and educational, were published by him; also a satire against the Romish church, "Esprit du Pape Clement XIV."—R. M., B.
* LANKESTER, Edwin, an English physician and naturalist, was born at Melton, near Woodbridge, Suffolk, on the 23rd April, 1814. He was educated at Woodbridge, and apprenticed to a surgeon there. In 1834 and 1837 he studied at University college, London, and he devoted much attention to botany, which he studied under Lindley. In 1837 he became a member of the College of Surgeons, and a licentiate of the Apothecaries' Company. In 1839 he visited the continent, and took the degree of M.D. at Heidelberg. In 1840 he was elected a fellow of the Linnæan Society, and in 1841 a licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians. In 1843 he became lecturer on materia medica in St. George's school of medicine. In 1844 he was elected secretary of the Ray Society, and in 1845 a fellow of the Royal Society. He lectured on natural history in New college, London, and on anatomy and physiology in Grosvenor Place school of medicine. In 1856 he was chosen medical officer of health, St. James', Westminster. In 1858 he was appointed superintendent of the food and animal product collections in the South Kensington museum. He has also acted as examiner in natural history of the East India Company; examiner on botany in the science and art department of the privy council; and lecturer on botany in connection with science examinations. He is vice-president of the Microscopical Society. Besides this he also practises as physician, and has been attached to hospitals and dispensaries in London. In the midst of his medical duties he has always been an ardent cultivator of science, and he has directed his attention specially to botany and the microscope. His medical writings have been chiefly in the sanitary and dietetic departments. He is a popular lecturer and a successful teacher. His wide and extensive range of studies, his general knowledge of science, his peculiar gift of language, and his power of communicating information in a pleasing and fascinating manner, have fitted him in a special manner for the duties of lecturer. His qualifications in this respect have been shown in the Royal Institution at London, as well as in the Philosophical Institution at Edinburgh, and in many other towns in Great Britain. He has for many years acted as secretary of the natural history section of the British Association. The urbanity of his manners and his social qualities have secured him friends everywhere. Among his writings may be noticed the following—Reports of the British Association; Lives of Naturalists in the Biographical Dictionary; "Memorials and Correspondence of John Ray;" translation of Schleiden's Principles of Botany; papers on the structure and habits of animals and plants; botanical articles in
