governor of that island. On her father's death she fell a victim to the treachery of her cousin, who persuaded her to marry him by false accounts of the death of his first wife. He subsequently abandoned her and her child; and the ill-used but light-hearted woman was thrown into the society of the notorious duchess of Cleveland, mistress of Charles II. She began to write for the stage with so much success that her name was quite in vogue, and her house the resort of the gay, the witty, and the profligate. Her writings partake of the licentiousness to which she now conformed. Her "Memoirs of persons from the New Atlantis," 4 vols., 12mo, 1736, written with a tory vehemence, exposes under feigned names and with great freedom the vicious manners of the court and nobility who brought about the Revolution of 1688. She died in 1724.—R. H.
MANLIUS, Marcus Capitolinus, the deliverer of the Roman capitol from the Gauls, was consul 392 b.c. Two years afterwards came the invasion of the Gauls, who took Rome and besieged the capitol. According to the well known legend they attempted to scale the capitol by night; but some geese, kept in the sacred precinct of Juno, gave the alarm to Manlius, whose house was on the capitol, close to the temple. He aroused his comrades, and with their assistance repulsed the enemy. This gallant and successful deed was rewarded by the assembled people with all the simple and rude honours and distinctions customary at the time. Manlius is said to have received from this circumstance the name of Capitolinus; but this is probably a mistake, as the name had been previously borne by several persons of the Manlian family. But these honours and distinctions seem to have rendered Manlius ambitious. At all events, from whatever motives, he espoused the cause of the plebeians, and obtained great popularity by assisting them against the oppressions of the nobles. He expended large sums in advancing money to rescue debtors from their bonds, and is said to have thus saved from slavery four hundred persons. He seems to have had recourse to violence in conducting his measures; and in 385 b.c. he was imprisoned by the dictator, A. Cornelius Cossus, as a person dangerous to the state. After a few months, however, he was released by the senate, from fear of the violence of the people. The patricians charged him with aspiring to make himself a king; and it seems not improbable that this was really his object, or at least that his motives as a demagogue were by no means pure: for we do not find that he brought forward any definitive measure for the redress of grievances, like the genuine reformers, nor did he unite himself with the tribunes the natural protectors of the people. Moreover the tribunes joined the patricians in coming forward to impeach him; and it seems probable that the capitol was occupied as a stronghold by him and his followers in defiance of the government, as it was afterwards by Saturninus and his faction. However this may be, Manlius was brought to trial 384 b.c. on a charge of high treason, and condemned to death. According to the common story the people could not be induced to condemn him within sight of the capitol which he had saved; and in order to obtain his conviction the scene of the trial was obliged to be changed, after which he was thrown down the Tarpeian rock. But the accounts of his condemnation and death are various and conflicting, and our knowledge of his career is very doubtful and imperfect. A law was passed after his execution prohibiting any one from residing within the precincts of the capitol. His house was levelled to the ground, and the members of the Manlian family made it a rule of their race, that no one should in future bear the prænomen of Marcus.—G.
MANLIUS, Titus Torquatus, a distinguished Roman of patrician rank, was the son of Lucius Manlius Imperiosus, who for some time held the office of dictator, but was compelled to abdicate on account of his severe and despotic behaviour. According to Livy, young Manlius had a natural impediment in his speech, on account of which his father detained him in the country, and it was alleged, even kept him engaged in the lowest menial occupations. This harsh treatment of his son was loudly censured, and Marius Pomponius the tribune cited the elder Manlius to answer for his conduct. Notice of this charge having reached Titus, he proceeded to Rome; entered the house of the tribune; and, holding a drawn dagger to his heart, compelled him to promise on oath that he would drop the accusation. The generous and daring spirit displayed in this action drew the attention of the people, and soon after Manlius was chosen military tribune. The future career of young Manlius is connected with some of the most romantic legends of Roman story. In a war with the Gauls he is said to have encountered and killed a gigantic soldier who had challenged the bravest man of the Roman army to fight with him, and to have derived the surname of Torquatus from the golden collar (torques), which he took from the neck of his conquered enemy (360 b.c.). Twenty years later, in a campaign against the Latins, who had formed a powerful confederacy against Rome, he is alleged to have caused his own son to be put to death for disobedience to his orders in accepting the challenge to single combat of one of the enemy. On his return in triumph to the city the Roman youth showed their disapprobation of his conduct by refusing to pay to him the usual mark of respect. Titus Manlius was the first Roman who was appointed dictator, 352 b.c., and again in 348, without passing through the inferior dignity of consul. But he afterwards filled the latter office in 347, 344, and 340. The severity of his administration, however, ultimately rendered him very unpopular: "the people," he said himself, "could not bear his severity, nor he the vices of the people."—J. T.
MANNERS, John, Marquis of Granby, a distinguished English general, was the eldest son of John third duke of Rutland, and was born in 1718. Having made choice of the military profession, he assisted in the suppression of the jacobite rebellion in Scotland, and took part in the battle of Culloden in 1746. He was appointed to a command in the detachment of British forces which served in Germany under Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick, and commanded the second line of cavalry at the celebrated battle of Minden. The courage and activity which he displayed on this occasion—contrasted with the indecision of his superior officer, Lord George Sackville—gained him the cordial approbation of Prince Ferdinand, who remarked in a general order that "if he had had the good fortune to have had the marquis at the head of the cavalry of the right wing, his presence would have greatly contributed to make the decision of that day more complete and more brilliant." On the resignation of Lord George the marquis succeeded him as commander-in-chief of the British forces in Germany. He contributed mainly to gain the battle of Warburg in 1761 by a charge of the British horse. Shortly after, he displayed great spirit and gallantry in repulsing an attack of the French at Kirch-Denkern; and in the following year he commanded the right wing of the allied army at the successful battle of Lüttemberg. Throughout the whole of this protracted contest Lord Granby showed himself a most active and spirited officer, and was constantly put forward with his troops in the posts of greatest danger and honour. After his return to England covered with laurels, his lordship was appointed master-general of the ordnance, and was subsequently made commander-in-chief and a member of the cabinet under the duke of Grafton. Though he was the most popular of all the members of the administration, he was bitterly assailed by Junius, who, however, admitted that Lord Granby was both a brave and a generous man, and that "his mistakes in public conduct did not arise either from want of sentiment or want of judgment, but in general from the difficulty of saying 'No' to the bad people who surrounded him." In 1770 he resigned all his employments in consequence of his disapprobation of the unconstitutional conduct of the government in their proceedings against John Wilkes; and died a few months later, when scarcely past the prime of life and in the meridian of fame. Lord Granby was possessed of many noble qualities; was brave, generous, and humane; and was remarkably and deservedly popular.—J. T.
* MANNING, Henry George, formerly archdeacon of Chichester, received his later education at Oxford, where, with Mr. Gladstone, the late Lord Dalhousie, &c., he distinguished himself as a speaker at the Union Debating Society. Taking orders he became a prominent member of the high church party; and while he remained in the Anglican communion published a number of discourses, &c. His "Sermons," preached between 1842 and 1850, and published in four volumes, have gone through several editions. With Professor Mill and Archdeacon Wilberforce he issued a protest against the decision in the Gorham case, and afterwards, 1851, went over to the Church of Rome. He is now priest of the Roman catholic chapel at Bayswater, "St. Mary of the Angels," and in the Catholic Directory for 1862 is described as "Protonotary apostolic and provost of Westminster."—F. E.
MANNLICH, Johann Christian von, German painter, was born at Strasburg in 1740. He studied painting in his native
