MARC-ANTONIO. See Raimondi.
MARCEL, Etienne, mayor of Paris in 1356. After the defeat of Poitiers, when the dauphin assumed the regency, Martel, a man of no conscience but of singular daring, headed a rising in February, 1358, and took possession of Paris, which he was on the point of giving up to Charles the Bad, when in June he met his death at the hands of his own party, who had become alarmed at the consequences of the conspiracy. An account of Marcel's rising was published at Paris by M. Naudet in 1815.—W. J. P.
MARCELLINUS. See Ammianus Marcellinus.
MARCELLINUS, was elected pope upon the death of Caius, in the year 296. Theodoret says that in those stormy times of persecution he acquired great glory. He held the holy see for eight years, dying in 304, soon after the breaking out of the great persecution described by Eusebius. He has been sometimes styled a martyr; but the Liberian Calendar places him among those popes who were not put to death for the faith. His name is followed on the list of popes by that of Marcellus, whom some have supposed to be the same person.—T. A.
MARCELLINUS, a Latin writer, a native of Illyricum, who flourished about 500, wrote "Libri IV. de temporum qualitatibus et positionibus locorum," now lost, but highly praised by Cassiodorus. He was also the author of a "Chronicon," extending from 379 to 518.
MARCELLO, Benedetto, a noble Venetian, was born in 1680. His father, Agostino Marcello, was a senator of Venice; his mother, Paolina, was of the honourable family of Cappello. Benedetto was well instructed in classical literature, and having gone through a regular course of education under proper masters, was committed to the tuition of his elder brother, Alessandro, and by him taken into his house with a view to his further improvement in philosophy and the liberal arts. Alessandro Marcello dwelt at Venice; he had a musical academy in his house, held regularly on a certain day in every week, in which were frequently performed his own compositions. Being a man of rank, and eminent for his great endowments, his house was the resort of all strangers who came to visit the city. It once happened that the princes of Brunswick were there, who, being invited to a musical performance in the academy above mentioned, took particular notice of Benedetto, at that time very young, and among other questions asked him, in the hearing of his brother, what were the studies that most engaged his attention. "O," said his brother, "he is a very useful little fellow to me, for he fetches my books and papers, the fittest employment for such a one as he is." The boy was nettled at the answer, which reflected as much upon his supposed want of genius as his youth; he, therefore, resolved to apply himself to music and poetry, which his brother seeing committed him to the care of Francesco Gasparini, to be instructed in the principles of music; for poetry he had other assistances, and at length became a great proficient in both arts. In the year 1716, the birth of the first son of the Emperor Charles VI. was celebrated at Vienna with great magnificence, and upon this occasion a serenata, composed by Benedetto Marcello, was performed there with great applause. Two cantatas of his, the one entitled "Il Timoteo," the other "La Cassandra," composed at this period, were also much esteemed. Marcello after this composed a mass which was highly celebrated, and was performed for the first time in the church of Santa Maria della Celestina, on the occasion of Donna Alessandro Marcello, his brother's daughter, taking the veil in that monastery. He also set to music the "Lamentations of Jeremiah," the "Miserere," and the "Salve." These, with many other sacred compositions, he gave to the clergy of the church of Santa Sophia, and was at the pains of instructing them in the manner in which they were to be performed. For many years Marcello was a constant member of a musical academy held at the house of Agostino Coletti, organist of the church of the holy apostles, in which he always sat at the harpsichord, and by his authority, which every one acquiesced in, directed and regulated the whole performance. In the year 1724 were brought out the first four volumes of the Paraphrase of the Psalms, by Giustiniani, in Italian, set to music for one, two, and three voices, by Benedetto Marcello; and in the two subsequent years four more, including the whole first fifty of the psalms. In the year 1726 this great work was completed by the publication of four volumes more. Mattheson, in a letter to Marcello prefixed to the sixth volume, says that the music to some of the psalms had been adapted to words in the German language, and had been performed with great applause in the cathedral of Hamburg. And we are further told that, for the satisfaction of hearing these compositions, the Russians had made a translation of the Italian Paraphrase into their own language, associating it to the original music of Marcello, and that some sheets of the work had been transmitted to the author. At Rome, these compositions were held in the highest estimation by all who professed either to understand or love music. In the palace of Cardinal Ottoboni was a musical academy, held on Monday every week, at which Corelli performed; at this musical assembly one of the psalms of Marcello made constantly a part of the entertainment, when the news of Marcello's death arrived at Rome, his eminence, as a public testimony of affection for his memory, ordered that, on a day appointed for the usual assembly, there should be a solemn musical performance. The room was hung with black, and the performers and all present were in deep mourning. Father Santo Canal, a jesuit, made the oration, and the most eminent of the learned of that time rehearsed their respective compositions upon the occasion, in various languages, in the presence of the many considerable personages there assembled. Nor has England been wanting in respect for the abilities of this great man. Charles Avison celebrated Marcello's Psalms in his Essay on Musical Expression, and had given out proposals for publishing by subscription an edition of the work, revised by himself; but it seems that the execution of this design devolved upon another person, John Garth of Durham, who was at the pains of adapting to the music of Marcello suitable words from the English prose translation of the Psalms, with a view to their being performed as anthems in our cathedrals; and with the assistance of a numerous subscription the work was completed in eight folio volumes. Marcello was tor many years a judge in the council of Forty; from thence he was removed to the charge of proveditor of Pola in Istria. Afterwards he was appointed to the office of chamberlain or treasurer of the city of Brescia. He died at Brescia in the year 1739, and was buried in the church of the Minor Observants of St. Joseph in that city, with a degree of funereal pomp suitable to his rank.—E. F. R.
MARCELLUS I. (Saint), Pope, succeeded St. Marcellinus, who died in 304, but it is probable the election did not take place till 308, the pontificate remaining vacant for nearly four years on account of the persecution then raging against the church. Marcellus attempted, but with very little success, to restore the church to the state in which it was prior to the outbreak of the persecution. In particular his dealings with those who had apostatized seem to have been injudiciously rigorous. He died in 309.
MARCELLUS II., Pope, born at Fano, in the Roman states, in 1501, succeeded Julius III. in 1555. He survived his election only twenty-one days, dying 30th April, 1555. He was a man of simple tastes and upright character.
MARCELLUS, a physician of Sida in Pamphylia, who flourished in the second century after Christ. He was the author of a poem upon medicine, in which he treated of the curious species of melancholy called lycanthropy, wherein the patient fancies himself turned into a wolf; also, of a small work upon fishes.
MARCELLUS, Empiricus, a physician of the fourth century, born at Bordeaux. He lived during the reign of Theodosius the Great, to whom he was magister officiorum. Though he never received a medical education, he is the author of a work, "De medicamentis empiricis, physicis, et rationalibus," a compilation which contains an immense number of prescriptions for all kinds of diseases, but full of superstitious ignorance; the object of it being, he says, "to enable his children to cure themselves by simple remedies."—W. B—d.
MARCELLUS, Marcus Claudius, a celebrated Roman general. He entered the army as soon as he was old enough to handle the weapons of a soldier, and very early distinguished himself by acts of daring and prowess. He served in the first Punic war; was curule ædile about 226 b.c., and afterwards augur; and obtained the consulship in 222 b.c. At this time the Gauls had invaded Italy, and the command of the army which was in the field against them devolved on Marcellus and Cornelius Scipio, his colleague in the consulship. In the course of a short campaign the invaders were utterly routed. Marcellus killed their king, Britomartus, in single combat, and thus enjoyed the rare distinction of carrying the spolia opima in triumph on his return to Rome. He was prætor in 216 b.c.,
