art and literature at Bonn. On the outbreak of the revolution of 1848 he at once placed himself in the foremost rank of the democratic party, and was elected a member of the Prussian chamber of deputies. Both by the press and in the political clubs he proclaimed socialist principles, and in May, 1849, headed the attack on the Siegburg arsenal. He then joined the revolutionist army in Baden, was wounded and taken prisoner by the Prussians, and condemned to the workhouse for life. With the aid of the well known student Schurz, he, however, succeeded in making his escape from Spandau and found a refuge in London, whence in 1851 he undertook a journey to America in order to raise a revolutionary loan. Besides his poems, among which "Otto der Schütz" has found favour even with his political antagonists, Kinkel has published a volume of sermons; a "History of the Arts among the Christian Nations," in 1845; "Nimrod, a tragedy;" and, conjointly with his wife, a volume of tales. Johanna Kinkel was a highly-gifted woman, an excellent player and teacher of the piano, a musical critic, a composer, and an accomplished authoress. She died of a fall from a window, November, 17, 1858, and left a novel, "Hans Ibeles in London," which was published in 1860.—(See Kinkel's Life by Strodtmann, Hamburg, 1850, 2 vols.)—K. E.
KINKER, Johan, the author of various literary and poetical works, professor of Dutch literature at Liege, was born near Amsterdam in 1760, and died about 1825.—D. W. R.
KINSBERGEN, John Henry van, was born at Doesburg in 1735, and entered the Russian service in 1767. He soon defeated the Turkish fleet in the Black Sea; but although loaded with honours and rewards by the Empress Catherine, he returned to Holland in 1776. In 1781 he distinguished himself at the battle of the Doggerbank against Admiral Parker. He wrote largely on professional subjects, and after rendering many noble services to his country, died in 1819.—W. J. P.
KINSON, François, a celebrated Flemish portrait-painter, was born at Bruges in 1774, and died there in 1839. He studied in the art academy of his native city, and afterwards in the école des beaux-arts, Paris, where in 1808 he gained the large gold medal. At first he practised in Paris, but in 1821 he settled in Brussels, and secured in both cities a large and fashionable connection. Among his sitters were Jerome Bonaparte, Bernadotte, Charles X., the prince of Orange (afterwards king of Holland), the Duchess De Berri, and many other distinguished personages. Kinson was considered particularly happy in the likeness and pose of his sitters, and the bright and cheerful colouring of his pictures. In the early part of his career he painted several historical pictures, but they are not held in much repute.—J. T—e.
KIPLING, Thomas, D.D., an English scholar and theologian, born in Yorkshire about 1755. He studied at St. John's college, Cambridge, of which he was a fellow, and afterwards deputy regius professor of divinity in the university. In 1778 he published an improved edition of the elementary parts of Dr. Smith's System of Optics, to which he prefixed an introduction. In 1793 he published in 2 vols. folio, at the expense of the university, a facsimile edition of the Codex Theodori Bezæ, or the Codex D. His enemies say the Latin of his preface is bad; but it is admitted on all hands that the work is one of great value. Dr. Kipling brought upon himself a good deal of annoyance by the part he took as promoter of the trial of Mr. Frend, who was accused of unitarianism, and expelled the university in 1793. Kipling, who was dean of Peterborough, wrote against Calvinism and the papists, and died in 1821.—B. H. C.
KIPPIS, Andrew, D.D., an eminent English biographer and controversialist, born at Nottingham, March 28, 1725; died on the 6th October, 1795. He was educated under Dr. Doddridge at Northampton, and in 1746 became minister of a dissenting congregation at Boston in Lincolnshire. Four years later he removed to Dorking in Surrey, and in 1753 he succeeded Dr. Hughes as minister of the Princes Street congregation, Westminster. He was here brought into contact with the principal dissenters in London, and was appointed professor in the college founded by William Coward. In 1767 the university of Edinburgh conferred on him the dignity of doctor of divinity, and in 1778 he was admitted member of the Antiquarian Society, and the following year of the Royal Society. From Coward academy Dr. Kippis went to Hackney college, but did not remain in that institution, being desirous of devoting himself to his literary pursuits. He was one of the principal contributors to the Monthly Review, which at that period was highly esteemed. He also took part in the new Annual Register, for which he wrote the "History of Knowledge" and other articles that greatly contributed to secure the success of the publication. He employed no small part of his time in the defence of dissent, and issued various publications on the subject, the principal of which, "A Vindication of the Protestant Dissenting Ministers with regard to their late application to Parliament," was published in 1772. In 1782 he published a volume—"Considerations on the Provisional Treaty with America and the Preliminary Articles of Peace with France and Spain;" and in 1788 issued an edition of Dr. Lardner's works, with a life of the author. In the same year he published his "Life of Captain Cook." His great work, however, and that which to the present day sustains his reputation in English literature, was the second edition of the "Biographia Britannica," with a number of lives not contained in the previous edition. This elaborate work was never completed, and remains to this day a huge fragment. Five large folio volumes were brought out in 1778-79, bringing the work down to the letter F, and a sixth was going through the press when the death of Dr. Kippis arrested the publication. Dr. Kippis was a man of high attainments and of great industry. He had learning, judgment, and moderation; wrote in a clear style, with good taste and even elegance. It has often been regretted that his work should remain incomplete, for, as far as it goes, its merits are universally acknowledged.—P. E. D.
KIRBY, William, one of the most popular of British entomologists, was born in Suffolk in 1759. He received his education at the grammar-school of Ipswich, from which he went to Caius college, Cambridge. In 1781 he took his bachelor's degree, and the following year was admitted into holy orders, and became curate of Barham. During the fourteen years that he remained in this position, he devoted his spare time to the study of botany. In 1796 he became rector of Barham, where he remained during the rest of his long life. Pious and sincerely evangelical, Mr. Kirby conscientiously performed his duties as a clergyman, and was much beloved by his parishioners. He was at one time induced to use his pen in counterworking the spirit of freethinking; but having little taste for controversy, he soon retired from the field, and devoted his leisure hours to his favourite study of natural history. An accidental circumstance induced him to take up the study of insects—a little "lady bird," or "lady cow," one day attracted his attention on the window sill of his study, and his admiration and interest became so much excited, that he forthwith began to collect insects as zealously as he had already done plants. When the Linnæan Society was founded by Sir J. E. Smith, Kirby immediately became a fellow, and contributed several valuable papers to their Transactions. His great fame as a scientific entomologist was due to his "Monographia Apum Angliæ," or History of English bees, the publication of which stamped him as one of the best entomologists of the day, and introduced him to a correspondence with Latreille, Fabricius, Illiger, Walkenaer, and many other distinguished naturalists of France and Germany. His great popularity, however, is due to his "Introduction to Entomology," written in conjunction with his friend Mr. Spence—a work which has been translated into German and French, and has already gone through seven or eight editions. His later works are his description of the insects in the "Fauna boreali Americana" of Sir John Richardson, and his "Habits and Instincts of Animals with reference to Natural Theology," written as one of the Bridgewater treatises. Mr. Kirby was honorary president of the Entomological Society of London, fellow of the Royal, Linnæan, Zoological, and Geological Societies, and honorary member of several foreign societies abroad. He died in 1850, at the venerable age of ninety-one.—W. B—d.
KIRCH, Christfried, an astronomer, son of Gottfried, was born at Guben in Lusatia on the 24th of December, 1694, and died at Berlin on the 9th of March, 1740. He studied at the universities of Berlin and Halle, and in 1717 was appointed director of the observatory of Berlin, where he made and reduced a vast body of observations. In these labours he was assisted by his sister Christine, who was born about 1696, and died at Berlin on the 6th of May, 1782.—W. J. M. R.
KIRCH, Gottfried, an astronomer, was born on the 18th December, 1639, at Guben in Lower Lusatia, and died at Berlin on the 25th of July, 1710. He was a pupil and assistant of Hevelius. About 1667 he became noted at Leipsic for his skill in calculating ephemerides and preparing almanacs. In 1700,
