German academies, and was made successively a knight of the order of civil merit, 1808, by King Frederick of Würtemberg, and of the Würtemberg crown, 1818, by King William. He died at Stuttgart, March 14, 1830.—J. T—e.
MÜLLER, Johann Jakob, called Müller of Riga, an eminent Russian landscape painter, was born at Riga in 1765. He was originally intended for the church, but displaying a decided aptitude for art, he was sent to Dresden, and there studied landscape painting under Professor Klengel. In 1800 he proceeded to Stuttgart, where he eventually settled; but in 1802, and again in 1816, he was enabled by the liberality of the emperor of Russia to make a somewhat prolonged stay in Italy. Müller of Riga is perhaps the best landscape painter his country has yet produced. He made Claude Lorraine his model, and his most ambitious works are compositions of a classical character; learned, careful, and correct, but exhibiting little originality or very close observation of nature. His most noted pictures are "Ancient Rome; Mons Albinus on the Morning of a Solemn Assembly of the Latins in the reign of Tarquinius Superbus;" and a "View of Pompeii," painted for Ludwig of Bavaria. Müller died in 1832.—J. T—e.
MÜLLER, Karl Ottfried, the eminent German antiquary, was born at Brieg, Silesia, 28th August, 1797, where his father was chaplain to the garrison. After a careful education he devoted himself to classical learning, first at Breslau under Schneider, Heindorf, and Passow; and after 1815 at Berlin under Boeckh, to whom he owed a deep insight into the true principles of philology. The first-fruits of his studies was his "Ægineticorum liber," 1817; shortly after the publication of which he obtained a mastership in the Magdalaneum at Breslau. Two years later he was called to the chair of archaeology at Göttingen. He fitted himself for the duties of his new office by a stay at Dresden (1819), and a journey to France and England (1822), where he became intimately acquainted with the remains of ancient art. These studies were afterwards embodied in his "Handbook of Archæology," 1830, which bears testimony to the wide range of his researches, and to his talent in handling and grouping such complicated materials. At Göttingen Müller not only excelled as a most efficient teacher, but enjoyed the highest respect both as a man and a scholar. Upon his happy existence, however, the suspension of the Hanoverian constitution broke in (1837), and Müller was deeply afflicted by the banishment of the seven professors who had protested against this arbitrary act of sovereign power. He had long cherished the project of a journey to Greece, and he now asked for leave of absence. His request was granted, and he set out in September, 1839. After passing the winter in Italy and Sicily, he arrived at Athens in April, 1840. He made a tour through the Morea, and was busily engaged with excavations at Delphi, when he was seized by an intermittent fever. He hastened back to Athens, where he died August 1, 1840. "Græcia," to use the beautiful words of Boeckh, "quum vivum retinere non posset, vindicavit sibi defunctum." He was buried on an eminence in the grounds of the Academy, and a column was erected over his grave by the university of Athens. Indeed, a resting-place most befitting such a hero of classical learning! The number and importance of Müller's works, if we consider the shortness of his career, must appear astonishing. He was a scholar of the most assiduous habits and the greatest perseverance, and his erudition embraced the whole range of classical antiquity. He particularly endeavoured to trace the development of the several Greek tribes, with respect to their history, antiquities, mythology, and art. To this endeavour we owe his "Orchomenos und die Minyer," 1820; his "Dorier," 1824, 2 vols., translated into English, 1830; his "Early History of the Macedonians," 1825; and his "Etruscans," 1828, 2 vols. The same procedure is observed in his "Prolegomena zu einer wissenschaftlichen Mythologie," in which he considers the ancient myths from a historical and as it were local point of view, and refutes the symbolic and allegorical doctrines. No less admirable is his "History of the Literature of Ancient Greece," London, 1840, which first appeared in English, and was edited in German from the MSS. of the author, by his brother, 1841, 2 vols. At the same time Müller distinguished himself as a critic and a translator. He gave critical editions of Varro De lingua Latina, 1838, and of Festus De Significatione verborum, 1839; and published an elegant translation of the Eumenides, with critical and exegetical commentaries, 1833. Besides these separate works, Müller found leisure for a number of treatises and monographs both in Latin and German; the latter were collectively edited by his brother, "Kleine Deutsche Schriften," 1847-48, 3 vols.—(See Lücke, Erinnerungen an O. M., Göttingen, 1841.)—K. E.
MÜLLER, Ludvig, a Prussian military engineer, was born in the district of Pregnitz in 1735, and died on the 12th of June, 1804, having obtained the rank of major. He served with distinction in the Seven Years' war, and was for a long time an instructor of military engineering at Berlin. His works on that subject are of high repute, as also is his history of the wars of Frederick the Great.—W. J. M. R.
MÜLLER, Otto Friedrich, a Danish naturalist, was born at Copenhagen on 11th March, 1730, and died on 26th December, 1784. On account of the poverty of his parents he had much difficulty in carrying on his studies. He prosecuted a course of theology, and afterwards of natural history, in his native city. He then spent four years in visiting Switzerland, Italy, France, and the Netherlands, as tutor to the Count de Schuben. In 1767 he settled at Copenhagen, where he occupied an important position in connection with the financial administration. After marrying the rich widow of a merchant, he devoted himself entirely to botany and zoology—subjects which had engaged his attention during his travels. He studied especially the lower forms of animal life, using the microscope extensively in his researches. He pointed out that the infusoria were as normal and fixed in their form and development as the highest animals. He published, among others, the following works—"Flora et Insecta Friedrichsdaliana;" a treatise on Entomostraca and on Infusoria; "Kleine Schriften aus der Naturhistorie;" a work on Fungi; an account of his journey to Christiansand; and a catalogue of the animals of Denmark. Cuvier says that Müller's works on infusoria, monoculi, and hydrachnæ have procured for him a first place among naturalists. In 1779 he commenced the splendid work entitled "Zoologica Danica," and published two volumes before his death. He contributed also many articles to the Transactions of learned societies. He was a councillor of state, and held many high honorary appointments.—J. H. B.
MÜLLER, Wilhelm, a distinguished German lyric poet, was born at Dessau, 7th October, 1794. He devoted himself to classical learning in the university of Berlin, and in 1813 served as a volunteer in the Prussian army. After the restoration of peace he completed his studies and travelled in Italy. In 1819 he obtained a professorship in the gymnasium of his native town, and at the same time was appointed librarian. He died prematurely October 1, 1827. His "Gedichte eines reisenden Waldhornisten" are full of liveliness and genuine feeling; many of them have been repeatedly set to music, and are favourites with the musical world. His "Griechenlieder," 1821 to which Lord Byron's words—
" Thus sung, or would, or could, or should have sung.
The modern Greek in tolerable verse"—
are prefixed as a motto, created a general enthusiasm throughout Germany for the liberation of Greece. Müller's "Homerische Vorschule," founded upon the doctrine of F. A. Wolf, bears testimony to the depth of his classical studies. His miscellaneous writings were edited by G. Schwab, 5 vols.—K. E.
MÜLLER, William John, one of the best landscape painters of the English school, was born at Bristol in 1812; his father, a German, was curator of the Bristol museum. Müller found both a competent teacher and a generous patron in his native town. J. B. Pyne taught him landscape painting, and Mr. Acraman the collector, of Clifton, bought several of his first pictures. In 1833 and 1834 he made a tour through Germany, Switzerland, and Italy, and brought home many free and valuable sketches; his eye was so accurate that his ordinary colour-sketches were complete pictures in themselves, and required no further elaboration or realization. In 1838 he made an extensive tour through Greece and Egypt, going even beyond the cataracts of the Nile, and visiting the mummy-caves of Mahabdees. He returned to London in 1839, and in 1840 attracted general notice by two admirable pictures—a "View of Athens from the road to Marathon," and the "Memnon at Sunset," both in the Royal Academy exhibition of that year. In 1843 he joined Sir Charles Fellowes in his last expedition to Lycia, and returned in 1844 with another collection of valuable sketches. Müller was now in great hopes, and he sent five eastern subjects to the Royal Academy in 1845; but to his exceeding mortification only one was well hung. This disappointment brought on
